1 区块链的定义
工信部中国区块链技术和产业发展论坛标准发布的《区块链参考架构》中将区块链定义为:“一种在对等网络环境下，通过透明和可信规则,构建不可伪造、不可篡改和可追溯的块链式数据结构，实现和管理事务处理的模式”。
In the Block Chain Reference Framework issued by the China Block Chain Technology and Industrial Development Forum standards of the Ministry of Trade and Communications, the Block Chain is defined as “a model for the realization and management of service processing through the construction of a non-fabricated, non-manufactured and retrospective chain data structure through transparent and credible rules in a reciprocal network environment”.
区块链技术是一种按照时间顺序将数据区块以顺序相连，组合成一种链式数据结构，分布、一致地存储于各参与方，并以密码学方式保证数据不可篡改、不可伪造的分布式账本技术。通过应用区块链技术,能够保证信息的完整性与可靠性,有效解决信息交互过程中存在的信任和安全问题。
Block chain technology is a system of sequentially linked data blocks, grouped into a chain data structure, distributed and stored consistently among participants, and password-based to ensure that data are non-stereotyped, non-falseable distributed book technology. By applying block chain technology, the integrity and reliability of information can be ensured and trust and security problems in the exchange of information can be effectively addressed.
2 区块链的基本原理
区块链的基本技术原理可以归纳为:一个基本概念、两个关键要素和三项核心机制。
The underlying technical rationale of the block chain can be summarized as one basic concept, two key elements and three core mechanisms.
(1)一个基本概念:多种传统技术的整合创新
(1) A basic concept: Integrating innovation in a variety of traditional technologies
区块链是多种传统技术的创新整合,是点对点网络、数据加密、分布式数据存储、共识机制等一系列技术的融合。区块链将各项相关技术要素集成，带来了全新的分布式协作模式，资产、权属、流程在分布式协作网络中被重新定义，这是区块链最大创新所在。
Block chains are an innovative combination of a variety of traditional technologies, a combination of a range of technologies, such as point-to-point networks, data encryption, distributed data storage, and consensus mechanisms. Block chains integrate relevant technical elements, bringing with them a completely new distributed model of collaboration, with assets, tenures, processes being redefined in distributed networks of collaboration, which is the largest innovation in the block chain.
(2)两个关键要素:区块、智能合约
区块作为区块链数据存储的基本单元，通过一种巧妙的密码学机制进行串联，如同一条编号的链条，必须按照顺序组装，试图修改内容、调整顺序的企图都将被机器识别和拒绝，因此区块链上的数据一旦被记载，即成为一个可靠、可信、公开、无法被修改的记录。这是区块链上数据、合约不可篡改、可追溯的核心技术。
Blocks, as the basic unit for the storage of block chain data, are linked through a sophisticated cryptography mechanism, like a numbered chain, which must be assembled sequentially, and attempts to modify content and adjust order will be identified and rejected by the machine, so that the data on the block chain, once documented, becomes a reliable, credible, open and unmodifiable record.
智能合约可视作一段部署在区块链上可自动运行的程序。通俗地讲，智能合约就是机器自动执行双方或多方约定的协议，一旦约定的条件达成，没有任何人能阻止协议的履行。智能合约的执行不需要也不能被任何人干预，不可篡改，让所有人都可以参与验证智能合约的执行，这是对社会信用的一大变革。
Smart contracts can be seen as a process that can operate automatically on a block chain. Generally speaking, smart contracts are the automatic execution by machines of mutually or multilaterally agreed agreements, and once agreed terms are met, no one can prevent them. Smart contracts are implemented without interference or tampering with them, allowing everyone to participate in the verification of intelligent contracts, which is a major change in social credit.
(3)三项核心机制:分布式账本机制、安全和隐私保护机制、共识机制
区块链平台由多个参与方组成，每个参与方都有一套账本记载数据，分布式账本就是将数据以一致的方式记载在每一个参与方持有的账本中的技术，确保了各参与方能够及时、准确地获得并记录区块链中发生的所有活动。
The block chain platform consists of multiple participants, each of whom has a set of logbooks, distributed as a technique for consistently recording data in the accounts held by each participant, ensuring that participants have timely and accurate access to and recording of all activities in the block chain.
安全和隐私保护机制由区块链平台通过多种密码学原理进行数据加密实现,通过对数据加密及进行数字签名，防止出现未经授权的数据访问以及篡改数据的情况。
Security and privacy protection mechanisms are implemented by block chain platforms for data encryption through multiple cryptography principles to prevent unauthorized access to and manipulation of data through data encryption and digital signature.
共识机制是区块链平台中各个节点达成一致的策略和方法,根据系统类型及应用场景的不同灵活选取。公有链如比特币采用的是PoW算法，而许可链往往采用BFT、类BFT共识协议等共识机制，具备更好的系统健壮性，性能更高。
Consensus mechanisms are the strategies and methods agreed upon at the nodes of the block chain platform, which are flexible and selected according to the type of system and the application landscape. Public chains, such as Bitcoin, use the PoW algorithm, while licensing chains, often use consensus mechanisms such as BFT, type BFT consensus agreements, have better system robustness and performance.
3 区块链的特征
区块链的技术特征可以归纳为:去中心化/多中心化、不可篡改,高安全性和智能合约。
The technical features of the block chain can be summarized as: decentralization/multi-centralization, non-frozen, high security and smart contracts.
(1)去中心化/多中心化
公有链由所有参与者共同记录数据，由共识机制保证数据记载的一致性，并以加密机制保证数据不被篡改，三位一体地构建一个在没有权威中心的场景下由所有参与者共同记账的机制，实现了去中心化。
The public chain is shared by all participants, the consensus mechanism ensures consistency in the recording of data and the encryption mechanism guarantees that data will not be tampered with, and the three-pronged construction of a mechanism for co-recording by all participants in a situation where there is no centre of authority has been decentralized.
在联盟链应用模式下，对于参与者的加入、退出存在一定的管理，并且参与方数量可控，去中心转化为参与方都是中心的多中心概念。去中心化和多中心化是一个同源的概念，对应不同规模和形态的区块链模式。
In the application model of the alliance chain, there is some management of participants’ participation, withdrawal, and the number of participants can be controlled. Decentralization and multi-centreization is a homogenous concept that corresponds to a block chain model of different sizes and shapes.
(2)不可篡改
(2) cannot be tampered with
对某一时间点的交易信息生成区块，区块首尾相连形成可完整验证、可追溯历史的数据链，用特定的数学算法确保链的顺序以及链上的数据可以唯一确定、不能篡改，并支持为每一笔数据提供检索和查找功能，可逐笔验证，证明数据原始信息，不可伪造、篡改、删除。
The creation of blocks for transactional information at a given point in time, where the end of a block is connected to a data chain that is fully verifiable and retrospective, uses specific mathematical algorithms to ensure that the sequence of the chain as well as the data on the chain can be uniquely identified and not tampered with, and supports the search and search function for each data, which can be verified on a hand-by-hand basis in support of the original information of the data and cannot be forged, altered or deleted.
(3)高安全性
(3) High Security
存储在区块链上的数据由所有参与者共有且公开。在许可链上，记载上链的数据可以加密、带有权限属性，只有在数据拥有者授权的情况下才能访问、解密，从而保证数据的安全性和隐私性。
The data stored on the block chain is shared and made public by all participants. On the permit chain, the data recording the upper chain is encrypted, has access properties and can only be accessed and decrypted with the authorization of the data owner, thereby ensuring the security and privacy of the data.
(4)智能合约
(4) Smart Contract
智能合约是内嵌于区块链上自动运行的程序，在各参与方节点运行，其涵盖的范围包括编程语言、编译器、虚拟机、事件、状态机等。在满足合约条件时，智能合约会根据约定的规则，自动触发执行约定的指令(如资产清算、赔偿、交割等)。
An intelligent contract is an automatic procedure embedded in the block chain and operates at the participants’ nodes, covering programming languages, compilers, virtual machines, events, status machines, etc. Where the terms of the contract are met, the intelligent contract automatically triggers the execution of the agreed instructions (e.g., liquidation of assets, compensation, handing over, etc.).
来源：《浙商银行：2020年基于区块链技术的供应链金融白皮书》
Source: Bank of Merchants: The 2020 White Paper on Supply Chain Finance Based on Block Chain Technologies
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