科技云报道原创。
Science and Technology Clouds is the original story.
2021年将是数字人民币进入百姓生活的“元年”。
The year 2021 will be the “academic year” in which the digital renminbi enters the lives of the population.
据公开资料显示，央行数字货币（DC/EP）是由中国人民银行发行的数字形式的法定货币，与纸钞和硬币等价，具有价值特征和法偿性、支持可控匿名。
According to public information, the Central Bank's digital currency (DC/EP) is a legal tender issued by the People's Bank of China in digital form, equivalent to banknotes and coins, with value characteristics and legal compensation, and supports controlled anonymity.
当前，数字人民币体系已基本完成顶层设计、标准制定、功能研发和联调测试等工作。从2020年4月起，我国的央行数字货币开始在深圳、成都、苏州、雄安进行小范围试点。
Currently, the digital renminbi system has largely completed top-level design, standard-setting, functional research and development, and combined testing. Since April 2020, our central bank’s digital currency has been piloting small scales in Shenzhen, Chengdu, Suzhou, and Yu An.
时至2021年，央行数字货币已落地国内众多城市测试，诸多三方支付机构也已开展数字货币支付系统的升级改造。
By 2021, the central bank's digital currency had been tested in a large number of cities in the country, and a number of tripartite payment agencies had been upgrading the digital currency payment system.
截止目前，已有河北雄安新区、海南、重庆等多地，在提及探索数字人民币跨境支付应用的计划了。
To date, there have been several sites such as the Hebei Angang District, Hainan and Chongqing, with reference to plans to explore the application of the digital renminbi for cross-border payments.
从实际支付体验来看，央行数字货币的支付方式有四种，二维码标识牌以及POS机，均支持“扫一扫”与“碰一碰”，前者为有线支付，后者为离线支付。
From the experience of actual payments, there are four ways in which central banks pay their digital currency, the two-dimensional logo and the POS machine, both of which support “scanning” and “happening”, the former for wire payments and the latter for offline payments.
双离线支付是央行数字货币的特色功能，其特色为介质和受理终端的确均为离线状态。以保证在如天灾、地震等情况，网银和第三方机构处于瘫痪状态的极端状态下，数字货币能够和纸币一样使用。
Two-way payments are a feature of the central bank’s digital currency, and it is true that both the medium and the receiving end are offline. To ensure that digital money can be used in the same way as banknotes in extreme situations, such as natural disasters, earthquakes, etc., where the Internet and third-party institutions are paralysed.
此外，与支付宝/微信支付渠道不一样的是，央行数字货币的收款到账，直接抵达银行账户，而无需从支付宝/微信钱包中多一步提现的步骤。
In addition, unlike the payment of treasures/micromails, central banks receive receipts of digital currency to account and arrive directly in bank accounts without having to take further steps from the payment of treasures/micromail wallets.
一、央行数字货币并未采用区块链技术
说起数字货币，不少人下意识就会和区块链技术联系起来，甚至还有人扬言DC/EP就是采用的是区块链技术，但其实这种说法是不正确的。
When it comes to digital currency, many people are consciously connected to block chain technology, and even those who claim that DC/EP is a block chain technology, but this is not true.
2019年8月10日，时任央行支付司副司长穆长春，在第三届中国金融四十人伊春论坛中明确表示：央行数字货币（DC/EP）在央行这一层并没有使用区块链技术。
On 10 August 2019, Mu Changchun, then Deputy Director-General of the Central Bank's Payments Department, made it clear at the Third Forum of the Forty-Four People of Chinese Finance, that the Central Bank's Digital Currency (DC/EP) did not use block chain technology at the central bank level.
原因其实不难理解，区块链技术天然的“去中心化”特点，是优势同样也是缺陷。
The reason is not difficult to understand, however, that the natural “decentralization” of block chain technology is an advantage as well as a weakness.
作为法币，央行需要控制发行量避免超发，同时要利用监管，就需要中心化的控制。因此任何鼓吹DC/EP是基于区块链的言论，都是不负责的。
As French currency, central banks need to control distribution to avoid excesses, and to use regulation requires centralized controls. Any advocacy that DC/EP is based on block chains is therefore irresponsible.
那有人要问了，既然不是采用区块链技术，那DC/EP背后的技术究竟是什么呢？
The question is, what exactly is the technology behind DC/EP if it is not a block chain technology?
目前已公开的技术是，DC/EP会根据现有货币的运行架构进行适当调整，形成“一币、两库、三中心”的结构。
The available technology is that DC/EP will be appropriately adapted to the operating structure of the current currency to form a “one currency, two banks, three centres”.
一币
一币即中国央行数字货币的设计要素和数据结构由央行负责。
The central bank is responsible for the design elements and data structure of one currency, the Central Bank of China's digital currency.
形式上，央行数字货币是央行担保并签名发售的代表具体金额的加密数字串。
Formally, the central bank's digital currency is an encrypted string of amounts that the central bank guarantees and signs to sell.
结构上，央行数字货币应该包含编号、金额、所有者和发行者的签名，同时附加扩展字段和可编程脚本字段将应用扩展功能和可编程功能纳入其中。
Structurally, the central bank digital currency should contain the signatures of the number, amount, owner and issuer, with the addition of extended fields and programmable script fields incorporating application extension and programmable functions.
所以央行数字货币不是电子形式表现的账户余额，而是携带全部信息的密码货币。
The central bank digital currency is therefore not an account balance in electronic form, but a coded currency with all the information.
两库
2 libraries
两库即数字货币发行库和数字货币商业银行库。
Two are the Digital Currency Distribution Bank and the Digital Currency Commercial Bank Bank Bank Bank Bank.
数字货币发行库
Digital Currency Distributors
人民银行存储尚未发放或已经收回的央行数字货币的数据库。
The People's Bank keeps a database of central bank digital currencies that have not yet been issued or recovered.
数字货币商业银行库
Digital Currency Commercial Bank Bank Bank
各商业银行存放自身所有央行数字货币的数据库，可以选择存放本地也可以选择存放在央行数字货币私有云上。
Commercial banks maintain their own databases of all central bank digital currencies, either locally or on the private cloud of central bank digital money.
两库的设计与双层运行模式相匹配，可从技术层面支撑二元模式运行，同时分层设计有助于分层管理，支持建设更安全的存储应用执行空间。
The two libraries are designed to match the double-storey mode of operation and can support binary mode operations at the technical level, while stratification supports stratification management and supports the construction of safer storage applications implementation spaces.
三中心
三中心即认证中心、登记中心、大数据分析中心。
The three centres are the Accreditation Centre, the Registration Centre and the Big Data Analysis Centre.
认证中心
Accreditation Centre
央行对央行数字货币授权投放机构以及大众客户真实身份信息进行集中管理的中心，中心使用加密技术加密客户身份与其所持有的数字钱包之间的映射关系，是数字货币可控匿名的重要环节。
The central bank's central centre for centralized management of the central bank's digital money authorization agencies and the true identity information of public clients, which uses encryption technology to encrypt the mapping relationship between the identity of customers and the digital wallets they hold, is an important link in the controllability of digital currency anonymity.
登记中心
Registration Centre
记录央行数字货币对应数字货币钱包地址的情况，权属登记即权属变更登记；记录央行数字货币产生、流通、清点核对及其消亡的全过程记录，有助于央行掌握高密度的货币流转信息。
Recording of the address of the central bank's digital currency numeric currency wallet, title registration, i.e. title change registration, and recording of the entire process of central bank's digital currency creation, circulation, accounting reconciliation and its demise will help central banks to obtain high-density information on currency movements.
大数据分析中心
Big Data Analysis Centre
充分利用大数据技术对数字货币环境下央行数字货币的全生命信息进行分析，了解货币运行规律，为央行货币政策、宏观审慎监管提供可靠数据支持。
Taking full advantage of big data technology to analyse all-life information on central banks' digital currencies in a digital currency environment, understand currency operating patterns and provide reliable data support for central banks'monetary policy and macroprudential regulation.
值得注意的是，认证中心以加密形式管理数字货币钱包地址与所有者真实姓名的映射关系，而登记中心记录央行数字货币与所属的数字货币钱包之间的从属关系，通过将央行数字货币与所有者真实姓名分层管理的设计，实现对其他金融机构的匿名性。
It is worth noting that the Accreditation Centre manages the mapping of digital currency wallet addresses with the real name of the owner in an encrypted form, while the Registry Centre records the subordination of central bank digital currency to its own digital currency wallet, and achieves anonymity to other financial institutions through the design of a hierarchy between central bank digital currency and the real name of the owner.
另外，登记中心与认证中心之间设有“防火墙”制度，设定严格程序，两方信息不得随意关联，已保障合法持币用户的隐私，这一机制是“前台自愿、后台实名”的基础，进一步加固央行数字货币的匿名可控性。
In addition, there is a “firewall” system between the registration and certification centres, which establishes strict procedures for information between the two parties that is not freely linked, and which guarantees the privacy of legitimate currency users, a mechanism that is based on a “voluntary, back-office real name” and that further strengthens the anonymity of central bank digital currency controls.
二、央行数字货币采用三大核心技术
央行数字货币作为具有法定地位的货币，应能实现代表国家信用、可以安全存储、能够安全交易、进行匿名流通等目标。因而，安全属性是最核心的底层保障。
The central bank’s digital currency, as a currency with legal status, should be able to achieve the goals of representing the country’s creditworthiness, safe storage, safe trading, and anonymous circulation. Security attributes are thus at the bottom of the spectrum.
据悉，我国央行数字货币的核心技术分为：安全技术，交易技术和可信保障技术三类。
According to the information received, the core technology of our central bank's digital currency is divided into three categories: security technology, trade technology and credible security technology.
核心技术一：安全技术
Core technology I: Security technologies
基础安全技术：包括加解密技术与安全芯片技术
Basic safety technologies: including decryption techniques and safety chip technologies
加解密技术：由国家密码管理机构定制与设计，其核心是建立完善的加解算法体系。主要应用于数字货币的币值生成、保密传输、身份验证等方面。
Completing techniques: National cryptographic authorities customize and design at the heart of a well-established system of solver algorithms.
安全芯片技术：分为终端安全模块技术和智能卡芯片技术。
Security chip technology: split into terminal safety module technology and smart card chip technology.
终端安全模块主要用于安全存储和加解密运算，为数字货币交易提供基础性的安全保护。数字货币通过移动终端中搭载的终端安全模块实现交易。
The terminal security module is used primarily for secure storage and decryption operations, providing basic security for digital currency transactions.
数据安全技术：包括数据安全传输技术与安全存储技术
Data security technology: including data security transmission technology and safe storage technology
数据安全传输技术：通过密文+MAC/ 密文+HASH 方式传输，以确保数据信息的保密性、安全性、不可篡改性。
Data Safe Transfer Technology: Transfer through Secret + MAC/ Secret + HASH to ensure confidentiality, security and non-diversion of data information.
数据安全存储技术：通过加密存储、访问控制、安全监测等方式储存数字货币信息，确保数据信息的完整性、保密性、可控性。
Data secure storage technology: Storage of digital monetary information through encryption storage, access control, security monitoring, etc., to ensure the integrity, confidentiality and control of data information.
交易安全技术：包括防重复交易技术、匿名技术、身份认证技术与防伪技术
Trade security techniques: including anti-repeal trade techniques, anonymous technologies, identification techniques and forgery prevention techniques
防重复交易技术：通过为数字货币数据串中增加数字签名、流水号、时间戳等方式，来确保数字货币不被重复使用（双花问题）。
Anti-repeat transactions techniques: ensure that digital currencies are not reused by adding digital signatures, stream numbers, time stampes, etc. to the digital currency data chain (double flower problem).
匿名技术：通过盲签名（包括盲参数签名、弱盲签名、强盲签名等）、零知识证明等方式实现交易的可控匿名。
Anonymous technology: Controllable anonymity of transactions through blind signatures (including blind parametric signatures, weak-blind signatures, hard-blind signatures, etc.) and proof of zero knowledge.
身份认证技术：通过认证中心验证客户身份，确保交易者身份有效。
Identification techniques: authenticating the identity of clients through certification centres to ensure the validity of the identity of traders.
防伪技术：通过加解密、数字签名、身份认证等方式确保数字货币真实性与交易真实性。
Counterfeiting techniques: ensuring the authenticity of digital money and the authenticity of transactions through decrypting, digital signatures, identification, etc.
核心技术二：交易技术
Core Technology II: Trading Technology
在线交易技术：包括在线设备交互技术、在线数据传输技术与在线交易处理等
Online transaction technology: including online equipment interactive technology, online data transfer technology and online transaction processing, etc.
离线交易技术：通过脱机设备交互技术、脱机数据传输技术与脱机交易处理等
Offline trade technology: interactive technologies through offline devices, offline data transmission technology and offline transaction processing, etc.
在线交易技术与离线交易技术为设备交互，数据传输，交易处理等交易业务各个环节提供了在线和离线两种不同的技术解决方案，确保了数字货币的交易不受网络条件的限制。
Online transaction technology and off-line transaction technology provide two different technical solutions, online and off-line, for various segments of transactional operations, such as equipment interaction, data transmission and transaction processing, ensuring that transactions in digital currency are not subject to network conditions.
核心技术三：可信保障技术
Core technology III: Credible assurance technology
可信服务管理技术：基于可信服务管理平台（TSM），为数字货币参与方提供安全芯片与应用生命周期管理功能
Credible service management technology: based on a credible service management platform (TSM) to provide security chip and application life-cycle management functionality for digital currency participants
可信服务管理技术为数字货币提供各项服务，包括应用注册、应用下载、安全认证、鉴别管理、安全评估、可信加载等，保障数字货币安全模块与应用数据的安全可信。
Credible service management techniques provide services for digital money, including application registration, application downloads, security certification, identification management, security assessment, credible loading, etc., guaranteeing the security of the digital currency security module and applied data.
以上这些核心技术，目前只是处于专利阶段，是一种技术的实现方式，并不意味着央行一定按照以上方式来实现。
These core technologies, which are only in the patent phase, are a way of realizing them and do not mean that central banks are bound to do so in the same way.
结语
Concluding remarks
不过，就像中国人民银行数字货币研究所负责人所说的那样，DC/EP在技术选型上采用成熟稳健技术并兼顾创新，综合了传统集中式架构与区块链技术优势，也借鉴了区块链技术核心内涵与优势，回避其短板。
However, as stated by the head of the Digital Monetary Institute of the People's Bank of China, DC/EP uses mature and robust technology and combines innovation in technology selection, combining the technical advantages of traditional centralized structures with block chains, and drawing on the core content and advantages of block chain technology to avoid its short-cuts.
可以预见的是，无网络支付时代正在以肉眼可见的速度向我们走来，你准备好了吗？
What can be foreseen is that the unconnected payment era is coming to us at an eye-to-eye rate. Are you ready?
【关于科技云报道】
"Technology Clouds"
专注于原创的企业级内容行家——科技云报道。成立于2015年，是前沿企业级IT领域Top10媒体。获工信部权威认可，可信云、全球云计算大会官方指定传播媒体之一。深入原创报道云计算、大数据、人工智能、区块链等领域。
It was created in 2015 as the front-line business-level IT-based Top10 media. It was recognized by the Ministry of Industry and Communications as one of the officially designated communication media for credible clouds, global cloud computing conferences. It went deep into the areas of original cloud computing, big data, artificial intelligence, block chains.
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