区块链经济爆发前夜，金融机构和科技公司摩拳擦掌，正在酝酿一场激烈的军备竞赛，共赴浪潮之巅。从整体格局上，可以分为三个阵营：
On the eve of the break-up of the block chain economy, financial institutions and technology companies are waging a fierce arms race at the top of the wave. On the whole, it can be divided into three camps:
一是以比特币、以太坊、EOS为代表的币圈，遵循着原教旨主义的理念，立足公链建设，在共识机制和核心技术上不断创新。但这类项目的面前有政策合规性和商用可行性两座大山，因此应用进展并不算太快。
One is a currency that is represented by Bitcoin, the Tails, and EOS, following fundamentalism, building on the public chain, and continuing to innovate in consensus-building mechanisms and core technologies. But such projects have before them two great mountains of policy compliance and commercial viability, so their application has not progressed very fast.
二是以R3 CEV、Hyperledger社区、金链盟为代表的行业联盟和以微软、IBM为代表的传统软件公司，可以统称为链圈，它们研究基于行业的联盟链，提供高效能、可插拔的产品和服务。这类企业在聚合效应明显的行业，例如注重安全、隐私、协作的金融领域，占有绝对优势。
Second, industry alliances, represented by R3 CEV, the Hyperledger community, the Golden Chain Alliance, and traditional software companies, represented by Microsoft, IBM, can be collectively referred to as chains, which study industry-based alliances to provide efficient, interplacable products and services. Such enterprises have an absolute advantage in sectors where the convergence effect is evident, such as in the areas of security, privacy, and financial collaboration.
三是以BAT为代表的互联网巨头，它们的基因并不是区块链，布局区块链是为稳固既得利益，抢先占领高地，但它们的优势也很明显，有流量、有用户、有品牌效应，因而在生态布局时更胜一筹。
The third is the Internet giant, represented by BAT, whose genes are not a block chain, which is designed to secure vested interests and pre-empt the occupation of the highlands, but whose advantages are also evident in terms of flow, user and brand effects, which make them even more dominant in the ecological layout.
1. 群雄逐鹿，谁与争锋?
Who fights with the deer?
纵观BAT在区块链领域的布局，可以看到，前期的研究工作和基础平台搭建已经完成，正越来越快的向行业延展触角。从技术开发来讲，这三家公司内部都是两个团队齐头并进，一个团队负责底层链的开发，另一个团队负责BaaS的搭建，基于此寻找合作伙伴，在各个行业开展试点，打造典型案例，构建基于区块链的庞大生态。
Looking at the layout of the BAT in the area of block chains, it can be seen that previous research work and basic platforms have been completed and are moving faster and faster to the industry. In terms of technology development, the three companies have two teams, one for the development of the bottom chain and the other for the construction of the BaaS, in order to find partners, pilot projects in various industries, model cases, and a huge ecology based on the block chain.
本文将从底层平台、BaaS、落地场景三个层次，对比腾讯、阿里、百度的区块链技术研发与生态布局情况。
This paper compares the development and ecological layout of block-chain technologies in Tent, Ali and 100 degrees from the bottom platform, BaaS, and landing scenarios.
2. 首先来看底层链
2. First look at the bottom chain
腾讯Trust SQl 平台
根据《腾讯区块链方案白皮书》的介绍：腾讯区块链的底层是腾讯自主研发的Trust SQl平台，Trust SQL 通过 SQL 和 API 的接口为上层应用场景提供区块链基础服务的功能。中间是平台产品服务层为Trust Platform，在底层(Trust SQL)之上构建高可用性、可扩展性的区块链应用基础平台产品。应用服务层(Trust Application)向最终用户的提供可信、安全、快捷的区块链应用。整体框架结构如下图:
According to the White Paper on the Stretch Block Chain Programme, the bottom of the Stretch Block Chain is the Trust SQl platform, developed autonomously by the Stretch, where the Trust SQL provides the basic function of block chain service for top-level applications via SQL and API interfaces. The middle is the platform's product service level, Trust Platform, which builds high-availability, scalable block chain application platform products above the bottom. The application level (Trust Application Application) provides credible, secure, fast-track block chain applications to end-users. The overall framework is structured as follows:
在2018可信区块链标准评测的产品中，腾讯区块链获评第一名，功能、性能以及稳定性评测三方面均实现突破。功能方面，腾讯可信区块链取得了100%通过率;稳定性方面，在12000笔/秒并发状态下，腾讯区块链通过了24小时连续稳定运营的测试。
On the functional level, 100% pass for the tether chain; and on the stability side, the tether chain has been tested for 24 hours of continuous steady operation.
根据腾讯金融科技副总裁郭锐在可信区块链峰会上的分享，Trust SQL平台在16节点下接近5万每秒的TPS，这是在信通院的环境下产生和达到的，内部数据会更高。然后是存储容量，存储节点支持横向扩容，理论上可以无限扩展。包括隐私保护，支持半隔离、全隔离。
According to Mr. Kwok, Vice-President of Tetsu Finance and Technology, shared at the Credible Block Chain Summit, the Trust SQL platform is close to 50,000 seconds of TPS at 16 nodes, generated and achieved in the ICST environment, with higher internal data. Next, storage capacity, which supports horizontal expansion, can theoretically expand indefinitely. This includes privacy protection, supporting semi-segregation, and full isolation.
百度超级链(XuperChain)
100-degree superchain (Xuper Chain)
根据《百度区块链白皮书》介绍，XuperChain 是一个能包容一切区块链技术的区块链网络，其平行链可以支持 XuperChain 的解决方案，也同时支持其它开源区块链网络技术方案。 XuperChain 的共识机制包括但不限于 POW、POS、PBFT、中心化共识(Raft)等。
According to the White Paper on the 100-degree block chain, Xuper Chain is a network of block chains that embrace all block chain technologies and that can support solutions for Xuper Chain, as well as other open-source block network technical programmes. Xuper Chain’s consensus mechanism includes, but is not limited to, Pow, POS, PBFT, Centralization Consensus (Raft).
百度主任研发架构师肖伟在2018 可信区块链峰会上介绍XuperChain亮点技术包括：1、立体网络技术;2、轻量级客户端验证技术(LCV);3、分层确定性加密技术;4、热插拔共识架构。
Xo Wei, Director of Research and Development, presented the Xuper Chain bright spots technology at the 2018 credible block chain summit, including: 1, 3D network technology; 2, lightweight client validation technology (LCV); 3, stratification encryption technology; and 4, hot plug-in consensus architecture.
他表示XuperChain有以下优势：一是单链性能理论上能突破10万TPS，整个网络理论上没有上限，取决于机器的扩展能力;二是轻量级客户端在手机端支持复杂事务验证，而不是简单的事务验证，目前轻量级客户端支持安卓和IOS系统;三是我们提出了分层确定性加密技术，它能够支持业务层抗量子攻击，有效的保护用户的隐私轨迹。四是我们提出热插拔架构，有多种共识算法可选，而且在运转过程中能够实现共识机制的热升级，包括参数的升级和共识机制的升级。
He said that Xuper Chain had the following advantages: one was that single-chain performance would theoretically break the 100,000 TPS, and the entire network would theoretically have no ceiling, depending on the machine's extension capacity; the other was that light-weight clients supported complex transaction certification on the cellular end, rather than simple transaction validation, and that light-weight clients currently supported Andre and IOS systems; the third was that we proposed layered encryption techniques that would support operational layers of resistance to quantum attacks and effectively protect the user's privacy trajectory. The fourth was that we proposed thermal infusion structures, with multiple consensus algorithms available, and that the thermal upgrade of consensus mechanisms, including the upgrading of parameters and the upgrading of consensus mechanisms, could be achieved in the course of operation.
此外，肖伟表示XuperChain的核心机制包括：1、超级节点技术;2、链内并行技术;3、立体网络技术。
In addition, Xiaowei indicated that the core mechanisms of Xuper Chain included: 1, supernode technology; 2, parallel technologies in the chain; and 3, stereonet technology.
具体来讲：一是超级节点技术提供无限扩容和计算能力，类似于分布式架构;二是链内并行技术，利用智能合约分支预测技术，形成可并行处理的Transaction DAG网络，充分利用算力。三是立体网络技术通过侧链和跨链技术，让没有依赖的逻辑真正可并行。类似区块链领域的多线程和多并进技术。
Specifically: Supernode technologies provide unlimited expansion and computing capabilities, similar to distributed structures; and parallel technologies within the chain, using smart contract branch prediction techniques, to form a parallel processing network of Transaction DAG, making full use of arithmetic. Third, stereo network technologies, through side and cross-chain technologies, allow undependent logic to be truly parallel.
蚂蚁区块链
ant block chain
阿里目前尚未发布区块链白皮书，而且据巴比特了解，阿里短期内并无此计划。在2018可信区块链峰会上，蚂蚁金服区块链实验室资深技术总监闫莺展示了蚂蚁区块链平台构架：
Ali has not yet published a white paper on the block chain, and according to Babbitt, Ali has no such plan in the short term. At the 2018 credible block chain summit, the senior technical director of the ants gold necklace chain laboratory showed the structure of the ants block chain platform:
闫莺特别强调，蚂蚁金服的区块链平台是自主可控、自主开发的金融级别的平台，不是基于开源平台的二次开发，而是自己开发的。她表示蚂蚁区块链拥有以下核心技术优势：
In particular, the block chain platform for ants is a self-controlled, self-developed financial-level platform, not based on secondary development of open-source platforms, but developed on its own. She states that the ants block chain has the following core technical advantages:
第一、大规模节点共识：并行BFT，高效共识和秒级确认;100+节点高效共识，全新块数据存储结构;第二、灵活安全编码模型：支持多类开发编程语言，保证告诉执行效率;安全可靠的合约审计;第三、可信安全管理：基于TEE的节点私钥管理和合约隐私安全;基于TLS端到端全程加密数据传输;第四、强隐私账户模型：环签名隐藏交易账户;多类同态加密、零知识证明，保护交易内容;可信硬件的隐私保护。
First, large-scale node consensus: parallel BFT, efficient consensus and second-level confirmation; 100+ node efficiency consensus, completely new data storage structure; second, flexible security code model: support for the development of multiple programming languages to ensure efficiency of implementation; secure contract audit; third, credible security management: private key management and contract privacy security based on TEE; secure data transmission based on TLS end-to-end encryption; fourth, strong privacy account model: ring signature hidden transaction accounts; multiple homogenous encryption, zero-knowledge proof to protect transaction content; privacy protection of credible hardware.
再来看BaaS平台
腾讯云区块链服务TBaaS
TBAAS
腾讯云区块链服务TBaaS(Tencent Blockchain as a Service)以腾讯云为依托，为企业市场提供金融安全级区块链基础设施服务。
TBaaS (Tencent Blockchain as a Service) provides financial security sector chain infrastructure services to the business market, based on tweaking clouds.
目前，TBaaS腾讯云区块链开放平台已支持Hyperledger Fabric和金链盟的FISCO BCOS，根据白皮书的介绍，未来还将支持BCOS, TrustSQL，Corda, EEA 等不同区块链底层技术 。
Currently, the TBAAS Tender Clouds Block Chain Open Platform has supported Hyperleder Fabric and FISCO BCOS of the Golden Chain Alliance and, as described in the White Paper, will also support technology at the bottom of the chain in different blocks such as BCOS, TrustSQL, Corda, EEA.
作为一个企业级区块链开放平台，TBaaS可广泛应用于金融、医疗、零售、电商、游戏、物联网、物流供应链、公益慈善等行业中。
As an open platform for enterprise-level block chains, TBaS can be widely applied in such industries as finance, medical care, retailing, electricity suppliers, games, object networking, logistics supply chains, and public good philanthropy.
在2018可信区块链峰会上，腾讯金融科技副总裁郭锐表示：“腾讯建设了新版区块链BaaS平台，包括低门槛的自助建链能力、易管理的链管理和节点管理能力、拓展性，支持EVM智能合约等能力。”
At the 2018 Credible Block Chain Summit, the Vice-President for Finance Science and Technology, Guo Jing, said: & ldquo; Tetsu built a new version of the Block Chain BaaS platform, including low-threshold self-help chain-building capacity, manageable chain management and node management capacity, outreach, support for EVM smart contracts, etc.; & & rdquo;
腾讯云区块链首席架构师敖萌也表示：“腾讯云TBaaS是唯一一家通过性能云测试的BaaS平台。”
The chief architect of the teeming cloud block chain also said: & & ldquao; tBaaS is the only BaaS platform that has been tested for performance clouds. & rdquao;
百度云BaaS
BaaS
根据百度区块链白皮书，百度云 BaaS，是云端一站式的区块链即服务产品，用户通过购买资源、搭建区块链网络、编写智能合约、构建去中心化应用 DApp，即可搭建出属于自己的区块链系统和应用。
According to the 100-degree block chain White Paper, 100-degree cloud BaaS is a one-stop block chain, a service product that allows users to build their own block chain systems and applications by purchasing resources, building block chain networks, creating smart contracts, and building decentralizing applications.
在2018 可信区块链峰会上，百度主任研发架构师肖伟展示了百度云BaaS的整体解决方案。
At the 2018 credible block chain summit, 100-degree-director research and development architect Xiao Wei presented a holistic solution to BaaS.
百度云BaaS上提供了很多功能模块，包括智能合约基础库、智能合约IDE、DApp模板、联盟化接入体系、软件式安装部署、DPoS通证配置，另外在区块链云市场提供区块链私钥安全、区块链安全计算、区块链方案咨询。基于百度云区块链和百度云ABC架构，实现了包括了可信存储、可信信息共享、可信金融和合规激励等各行各业的解决方案。
A number of functional modules are available on 100-channel BaaS, including the Smart Contract Base, Smart Contract IDE, DApp Template, Unionized Access System, Software Installing Deployment, DPOS Consignment Configuration, as well as private key security of block chains, block chain security calculations, block chain programming advice at the block chain cloud market. Solutions including credible storage, credible information sharing, credible financial and compliance incentives have been achieved based on the 100-degree cloud block chain and 100-degree ABC architecture.
肖伟表示：“百度云BaaS区块链解决方案，兼具世界上主流的几个区块链基础技术，包括以太坊、Fabric等，以统一的接口封装对外提供服务，用户在使用百度云BaaS的时候，建设好自己的业务模型进行选择。未来我们还会加入更多的技术方案。我们提供统一的封装接口，统一的监控和管理，统一的资源调度，甚至大家可以利用百度云的云计算能力，对区块链的存储和计算做扩容。”
Xiao Wei said: & & & ldquo; BayaS Block Chain Solutions, which combines the basic techniques of several block chains in the mainstream of the world, including Etheria, Fabric, etc., to cover their services with a single interface, and to build their own business models when using the 100-degree BaaS. We will be joining more technology options in the future. We will provide a unified envelope interface, unified monitoring and management, unified resource mobilization, and even a 100-degree cloud computing capability that can be used to augment the storage and calculation of the block chain. & & rdquao;
阿里云BaaS
阿里的区块链业务是两个团队在负责，蚂蚁金服开发底层链，阿里云提供BaaS服务。
Ali's block chain business is run by two teams, ant gold suits develop the bottom chain, and Ali Yun provides the BaaS service.
阿里云BaaS今年8月上线区块链服务公测，目前支持公共云，未来进一步支持专有云、混合云等部署形态。区块链引擎支持Linux基金会旗下Hyperledger Fabric(版本1.2)，以及蚂蚁金服旗下的蚂蚁区块链。可广泛应用于商品溯源、供应链金融、数据资产交易等场景中。
Aliun BaaS’s up-to-line block service in August of this year, currently supports public clouds and future deployment patterns such as proprietary clouds and mixed clouds. The block-chain engine supports the Linux Foundation’s Hyperledger Fabric (version 1.2) and the ant block chain under the ants’ gold suit. It can be widely used in commodity traceability, supply chain finance, and data asset trading.
3. 最后看落地场景
3. Last look at the scene
腾讯
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腾讯区块链白皮书中显示，基于腾讯区块链基础平台，区块链技术的应用范畴，可以涵盖货币、金融、经济、社会的诸多领域。具备分为:鉴证证明、共享账本、智能合约、共享经济、数字资产等五大类。
The white paper on the tungsten block chain shows that, based on the tungsten block chain platform, the area of application of block chain technology can cover a wide range of monetary, financial, economic, and social areas. It is divided into five categories: forensic certification, shared books, smart contracts, shared economy, digital assets, etc.
在2018可信区块链峰会上，腾讯金融科技副总裁郭锐着重分享了四个案例：
At the 2018 Credible Block Chain Summit, the Vice-President of Tseng Finance Science and Technology, Guo Jing, highlighted four cases:
一是我们跟国税总局构建电子税务链，解决税务上的一些效率问题、流程问题;二是建设供应链金融平台、微企链，为用户创建更好的场景，提升流动性和效率、安全;三是我们去尝试区块链游戏‘一起来捉妖’，尝试把数字资产在游戏的世界里进一步落地;四是未来向医疗这些行业提供信用和透明度。
The first is to build an electronic tax chain with the IRS to address some of the tax efficiency and process issues; the second is to build supply chain financial platforms, micro-business chains, to create a better scene for users, to improve mobility, efficiency and security; the third is to try block-chain games & Lsquao; to catch demons &rsquao; the second is to try to place digital assets further on the ground in the world of games; and the fourth is to provide credit and transparency to the medical industries in the future.
百度
100 degrees
根据百度区块链白皮书，百度的场景应用场景主要聚焦于六个领域：
According to the White Paper on the 100-degree block chain, the 100-degree scenario is focused on six areas:
从实践上来看，百度主要有溯源平台、资产交易平台、广告变现平台、大数据协同平台。百度主任研发架构师肖伟在2018可信区块链峰会上介绍到：
As a practical matter, 100% are mainly retrospective platforms, asset trading platforms, advertising cashing platforms, and big data synthesizing platforms.
一是我们利用溯源平台解决信息真实性和商品质量问题;二是我们提供资产交易平台，解决数字版权保护、图片保护、视频、音乐、媒体等一系列原创内容的保护;三是广告变现平台利用区块链技术实现新的广告变现模式;四是大数据协同平台，利用区块链技术联合各部门、各企业做数据的协同和加工，实现大数据时代的共同进步。
The first is that we use the retrospective platform to address the issues of information authenticity and commodity quality; the second is that we provide an asset-trading platform that addresses a range of original content protections, such as digital copyright protection, photo protection, video, music and media; the third is that the advertising realization platform uses block-chain technology to achieve new models of advertising realization; and the fourth is that of a large data-synchronization platform, using block-chain technology to bring together the synergies and processing of data across sectors and enterprises in order to achieve common progress in the big data age.
百度的尝试从自有生态开始，具体案例包括：百度图腾——应用区块链技术解决的是数据资产的确权、版权保护和交易问题。休伯特——通过区块链技术去构建各大病毒厂商的病毒库，通过区块链技术实现底层病毒样本的数据共享。度宇宙、百宝箱等。百度会学&百度百聘——加强个人信息管理。百宝箱——在数字广告领域探索能否利用区块链技术来解决广告新的流量变现问题。
The 100-degree attempt begins with ecology. Examples include: 100-degree totem— and — the application of block chain technology to address data asset rights, copyright protection and transactions. Hubert & mdash; & mdash; the construction of a virus bank for major virus manufacturers through block chain technology to achieve data sharing of bottom virus samples through block chain technology. The 100-toen & mdash; & mdash; the enhancement of personal information management.
阿里
Ali
蚂蚁金服区块链实验室资深技术总监闫莺将蚂蚁金服区块链应用场景概括为五大类：1、数据可信：支付宝慈善平台、信美保险;2、物体可信：核心企业供应链金融平台、五常大米;3、合约可信：电子签约、区块链版权注册交易平台;4、资产可信：区块链跨境支付网络、台州医院区块链电子票据;5、人的可信：雄安房屋租赁、海南个人公积金异地提取。
The senior technical director of the ants gold-suit chain laboratory summarized the application of the ants gold-shelf chain into five main categories: 1; credible data: payment of treasure charitable platforms, Sinmi insurance; 2; credible objects: core corporate supply chain financial platforms, five constant rice; 3; credible contracts: electronic contracting; platform for registering copyrights in block chains; 4; credible assets: cross-border payment networks in block chains; electronic instruments in the Taiwan State hospital chain; 5; credible people: chartered houses; and extant extraction of Hainan personal pension.
闫莺分享了几个比较典型的案例。
Several more typical cases were shared.
- 一是跨境汇款，蚂蚁金服和渣打银行以及菲律宾的J-Cash钱包一起推出区块链跨境汇款网络。
- 二是电子票据，蚂蚁金服和合作伙伴一起在杭州、金华、台州各家医院推出电子票据，简化报销流程，这个系统上线两周，大概60万个电子发票上链。类似的还有在复旦医院、华山医院推出在线医疗的电子病例。
- 三是蚂蚁金服和杭州互联网法院推出的司法可信存证，使得蚂蚁区块链成为全球第一家被法院认可的区块链存证平台。闫莺表示：“我们做了一个统计，通过这个平台可以节省签约的成本到原来的1%，产生纠纷之后，解决纠纷之一的代价是原来的1/10。”
4. 技术、场景、生态
4. Technology, scene, ecology
在2018可信区块链峰会上，BAT三家公司的区块链业务负责人都对其区块链业务的整体布局做了总结，而且还颇有默契，可以概括为：技术、场景、生态。
At the 2018 credible block chain summit, the heads of the BAT three sector chain operations summarized the overall layout of their block chain operations and were well informed and could be summarized as follows: technology, scenario, ecology.
腾讯区块链负责人蔡弋戈表示腾讯接下来会做这三件事：
Tsai Jingo, the head of the strung block chain, said that the troupe was going to do the following three things:
“ 第一，围绕场景，持续升级技术;第二，做深做透重点场景;第三我们会开放，定位为金融科技助手。 ”
& & ldquo; first, continuous upgrading of technology around the scene; second, deep work on the highlights; and third, we'll be open and positioned as financial technology assistants. & & rdquo;
蚂蚁金服区块链实验室资深技术总监闫莺表示未来将聚焦的三件事：
The senior technical director of the ants gold section chain laboratory said three things to focus on in the future:
“ 第一，技术是我们的内功，必须做好。第二，技术始终要为场景服务，这个需要我们不断去探索和突破，每一个实实在在落地的场景，其中都有非常明确的用户价值创造。第三，区块链不是我们自家可以玩的技术，我们必须依靠生态和整个行业一起来寻找解决方案。 ”
& & ldquo; first, technology is our inner strength and must be done. Secondly, technology always has to be at the service of the scene, and this requires us to explore and break through, and every real setting, with very clear user value created. Thirdly, block chains are not our own technology, and we have to rely on ecology and industry to find solutions together. & rdquo;
百度主任研发架构师肖伟表示：
“ 我们分了四个大方向做，第一，基础技术，百度独立研发出在国内拥有百分百知识产权的区块链网络“超级链”第二、平台技术，我们主要提供两个平台为业界提供区块链服务，第一个叫XuperChain网络，另外一个是百度云BaaS一站式技术解决方案。第三、我们重点聚焦四大行业，分别是溯源平台、资产交易平台、广告变现平台、大数据协同平台。最后，我们重点关注四大落地场景，分别是版权领域、数字资产领域、信息安全领域、数字广告领域。 ”
& & & ldquo; We have four main directions: first, basic technology, 100% independent development of a network of blocks with 100% intellectual property rights in the country & & & & & & & & & & & & & ; second, platform technology, which provides two platforms to service the industry, the first being the Xuper Chain network, and the other one a one-stop technology solution in BaaS. Third, we focus on four major industries, namely, the traceability platform, the asset trading platform, the advertising conversion platform, and the big data synergy platform. Finally, we focus on four major downgrounds: copyright, digital assets, information security, and digital advertising.
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