观察比特币在全球的产业发展，可以将整个比特币产业划分为上中下游。上游就是比特币的生产。围绕着比特币的挖矿进行的所有企业，大部分属于比特币的上游企业。比如矿机的设计、生产；矿场和发电设备的建设、矿池的运营，这些都是比特币的上游企业。比特币的中游是交易和存储。下游是比特币的应用。也有另外一种说法，把比特币存储放在上游企业，是因为比特币诞生之际就需解决存储问题。所以，这个说法也对。我们今天采用的定义是将比特币的生产放在上游。
Observing the development of Bitcoin globally can divide the entire bitcoin industry into upper-to-downstream. Upstream is the production of bitcoin. All the enterprises surrounding bitcoin mining are mostly upstream of bitcoin. For example, mining machines, production, mines and power generation facilities, and pond operations are upstream of bitcoins. Bitcoins are middle-to-stream transactions and storage. Downstream is the application of bitcoins.
我将给你讲比特币行业的上游企业，也就是围绕着比特币挖矿这件事。这一节课，先和你聊聊矿机和矿工。通过这节课的学习，你将掌握如何甄选矿机，知道当好一名矿工所需要具备的条件。
I'm going to tell you about the bitcoin industry's upstream business, that's about mining around bitcoin. This lesson, let's talk about the miner and the miner. By doing this, you'll know how to select the miner and know what it takes to be a miner.
中本聪发明比特币的时候，希望人人都可以参与，而不希望有专门挖矿的矿机产生的。你应该听说过在早期的时候，有人在家里或者在办公室拿笔记本电脑进行挖矿的故事，那时候还是 C P U 挖矿的。后来，随着算力的增加，有人想出了用 G P U来进行挖矿。第一个用 G P U来挖矿的是谁呢？对，就是那个拿10000枚比特币换披萨吃的程序员。当时因为 G P U挖矿，带动了全球的显卡卖断货的场景，并且这种情况也在以太坊挖矿过程中再次重演。2017年6月份，随着以太坊的价格上涨，显卡市场再次迎来供不应求的场面。我当时在京东上搜索显卡，显示除了极个别高端显卡之外，其余显卡都已经售罄。也导致了芯片公司 A M D 股价直接上涨7%。
When Central Ben invented Bitcoin, he wanted everyone to be involved, rather than having a mine machine that specializes in mining. You should have heard the story of people digging in their homes or offices with laptops in early times, when CPU dug in. Later, with the increase in computing power, someone came up with GPU to dig. Who was the first to use GPU to dig the mine? Right, the programmer who took 10,000 bitcoins for pizza.
矿机的由来
It's from the mine machine.
回到比特币行业早期，随着挖矿所需算力的不断上升， G P U也达到了算力的上限，为了突破这个局限，有人发明了专门挖矿的专业设备。这些设备虽然都是计算机，可是除了挖比特币，运行哈希运算之外，其他什么都干不了，我们叫它“矿机”。比特币的矿机只能进行比特币的算法的计算。莱特币矿机只能进行莱特币算法的计算，互相不能通用。不是说技术上做不到，而是矿机这件事本质上是在进行运算竞争，是一个不断突破运算极限的过程。所有条件都需要达到极致，才能在竞争中获胜。如果兼顾，只会让运行的效率降低，计算能力赶不上专门的矿机，从而被市场淘汰。
Back in the early days of the Bitcoin industry, with the rising computing power required for mining, the G-P-U also reached the upper limit of the computing power, and to break that limit, some invented specialized equipment for mining. These equipment, although all computers, can't do anything but dig bitcoin to run Hashi's calculations. We call it a mine machine. Bitcoin's mine can only be calculated by bitcoin.
如何选好一台矿机
How to pick a mine machine.
现在做矿机的企业基本都是做芯片起家，矿机由芯片、散热风扇、电池等等部件构成，其中决定这台矿机能不能挖出更多币的核心的部件就是芯片。现在全球最知名的比特币矿机厂商有两家，比特大陆的蚂蚁矿机和张楠赓的阿瓦隆矿机。后者也是世界上第一台 A S I C芯片矿机的发明者。A S I C ，是指应特定用户要求和特定电子系统的需要而设计和制造的集成电路。还有其他一些矿机也有知名度，比如曾经风靡一时的K N C Minner。这家瑞典老牌比特币挖矿机生产商KncMiner，曾获得共计约3200万美元融资，遗憾的是在2016年5月宣布破产。此外曾经比较著名的国内矿机还有龙矿矿机、闪电矿机等等。因为矿机的芯片需要非常强的研发技术实力，需要和全球不断上涨的算力赛跑，和科技进行接轨。行业最早期的时候出现过不少刚面世的矿机就被市场淘汰的情况、甚至还在制作过程中就已经被淘汰的例子，导致创业者和投资者都损失惨重。所以，选择矿机，也需要挑选实力强悍的品牌和团队。
There are now two of the world’s most well-known bitcoin miners, an ant mine on Bitcoin, and an Avalon mine on Zhang. The latter is also the world’s first AS I C chip generator. A SI C, which is an integrated circuit designed and made at the request of a specific user and the needs of a particular electronic system. Other machines are known as KN C Minner, which used to be popular. The Swedish old bitcoin miner, Kncminer, was financed with a total of about $32 million, but was declared bankrupt in May 2016.
既然矿机竞争这么激烈，那么，如果想挖矿，该如何挑选矿机呢？理论上来说，当然是选最新的型号最好。最新的矿机功耗会比较小，算力也非常高。选择矿机一看算力，二看功耗，三看历史口碑，包括机器稳定性、售后服务情况等。算力就是一台机器进行运算的能力，也就是这台机器能够每秒进行多少次哈希运算。
Since mining machines are so competitive, how can they be selected if they want to dig? Theoretically, of course, the latest model is the best. The latest mine can be used with less power and very high arithmetic.
功耗是这一台矿机进行运转时要消耗的电量的一个指标。消耗电量会和挖矿成本有巨大关系。一台矿机一般情况下会24小时不停地进行运转来去挖矿，所以功耗有的时候看来看似相差很小的一点数字，实际上一年下来所耗费的成本差距还是比较大的。
Power consumption is an indicator of the amount of electricity that this machine will consume when it functions. Consumption of electricity has a huge bearing on the cost of mining.
这里还有个小知识，就是同一种算法的数字资产，是可以用同一种矿机进行挖矿的。比如，比特币（BTC）矿机，也可以挖比特现金（BCH）
And here's a little bit of knowledge, the same algorithm's digital asset, that can be mined by the same miner. For example, a bitcoin miner, or a bit of cash.
看到这里，估计你想问，如果我自己想挖比特币，可行吗？这个要放在几年前，还是挺可行的。只是，现在个人挖矿已经很难再挖到比特币的，这种个人挖矿的模式，叫SOLO模式。现在挖矿基本都是形成规模化挖矿，而且需要与矿池合作，所以个人挖比特币就想想罢了。关于矿池的概念我稍后给你讲。
Seeing here, you might want to ask, "Is it possible if I wanted to dig bitcoin? It was a few years ago, and it's still possible. It's just, it's hard to dig bitcoin by a person right now, and it's called the SOLO model. It's basically a scale mining, and it needs to work with the pond, so it's just a bitcoin by a person. I'll tell you later about the concept of a pond.
如何参与挖矿
How to participate in mining
自己不能挖矿，估计你也想知道买一台矿机该如何挖矿的吧。其实，过程比想象的简单。买来矿机，启动并接入网络，分三步走。
You can't dig a mine yourself, and you're probably wondering how to buy a mine machine. Actually, it's a simpler process than you thought. Buy a mine machine, start and connect to the network, and walk in three steps.
第一步，选择一个矿池，在矿池注册一个账号，填入子账户，填好密码；
As a first step, select a pond, register an account number at the pond, fill in the sub-account and fill in the password;
第二步，填好你的比特币收币地址。你得到比特币，会自动打到你填写的这个地址里。地址可以是你的钱包地址，也可以是你在某个交易平台的充值地址，方便你及时卖出，减少一步转账的手续费用。
Step two, fill out your bitcoin billing address. You get bitcoin, you automatically call it in this address that you fill in. The address can be your wallet address, or your full value address on a trading platform, so you can sell it in time and reduce the processing costs of a step-by-step transfer.
第三步，给矿机插上电源和网线，然后开机便可起动运行了。接通电源后，矿机自动分配IP地址，扫描最新接入设备IP地址后进入后台。然后设置矿池的账号即可。设置完成之后，大约半分钟就开始运行，后台页面可看到矿机实时状态。矿机的显示也比较傻瓜，基本两个指示灯，一个显示正常运行，一个显示是否有故障。当有故障的灯亮起来之后，你需要检查矿机的运行是否有问题。
The third step is to insert power and grids into the mine, and then start running. When the power is connected, the mine automatically distributes the IP address and scans the latest access device IP address into the backstage. Then the account number of the pond is sufficient. After the setup is complete, it starts running for about half a minute, and the back page can see the miner's real-time state. The machine is also shown more fools, with two basic lights, one showing normal operation, and one showing any malfunction. When the malfunctioning light comes on, you need to check if there is a problem with the miner's running.
这里可以给你讲一个小段子。我的一位朋友很喜欢上咸鱼捡漏矿机。我问他为什么能在咸鱼上捡漏矿机呢？他告诉我，有很多人在接触到比特币以后，很喜欢在网上买回来几台矿机回来，想在自己家里挖一挖矿试一试，心想哪怕居民用电贵一点也没关系，哪怕是收回的成本长一些，毕竟是参与下这场实验嘛。结果买回来矿机一接电源发现，噪音实在太大。所以没过一两天，自己或者家人就会受不了，最后他们就会被逼无奈低价在咸鱼上把这个矿机卖掉。通常这种矿机都很新，几乎没怎么用过，二手价格去买到这种现货矿机很划算。我朋友每次捡到漏，都会说，打败家庭挖矿的不是电费，而是噪音。
Here's a little bit. A friend of mine likes to go on a salt fish leaking machine. I asked why he could pick a miner on a salt fish. He told me that many people, after getting into bitcoin, liked to buy a few miners back online, tried to dig up a mine in their own homes, thinking it was okay if the residents used electricity, even if the cost was a little higher. My friend said that every time he picked up the leak, it was too loud. So he or his family couldn't stand it, and then they were forced to sell it on a saltfish. Usually this miner is new, it's barely used, and it's easy to buy a live mine at a second price. Every time my friend picks it up, he says that it's not electricity, it's noise that beats the family to dig the mine.
矿场
Mines
上面我给你讲了矿机和矿工，你知道了矿机的发展史及如何挑选矿机。这节，我们一起来聊聊矿场和矿池，通过这节课的学习，你将会了解到如何去运营矿场，运营矿池需要准备什么，以及如何与矿池来合作。
I told you about the miner and the miner, you know the history of the mine machine and how to select the mine. This section, let's talk about the mine and the pond. With this lesson, you'll learn how to run the mine, what to prepare for, and how to work with it.
![](http://mpimg.cnbol.com/article/202403/28/171126394815.png"data-type="png"data-w=640")
矿场的成本
Cost of mines
一个矿场的成本有：建设成本、设备成本、维护成本、网络成本、还有其他的成本。维护成本包括电力成本和人力成本，这两个费用不同的时候，成本差距非常大。这也就是为什么矿场会选择建在电费相对比较便宜并且比较稳定的地方的原因。因为矿机一旦运行之后，就是24小时在工作，所以拥有一支7*24小时换班的团队，也是必要的条件。
The cost of a mine is: construction costs, equipment costs, maintenance costs, network costs, and other costs. Maintenance costs include electricity costs and manpower costs, and the cost difference is very large. That is why the mine chooses to be built where electricity costs are relatively low and stable.
现在，随着矿场的专业化，一个矿场如何设计，包括水冷、风冷、电路设计的优劣都非常影响后期矿场的维护和成本还有收益。早期的矿场运营比较粗放，就是搭一个架子，然后把矿机放上去，就可以开始运营了。后来发现这种运行方式是不行的，矿机损坏率严重，维修成本太高了。后来开始有了通风、还有隔尘等方案，再往后发展，就有了有室内温度和湿度的严格控制。现在整个矿场的运营方案还在不断升级和进化。因为矿机运行起来噪音比较大，一台矿机运转时，在一米处测试噪音达73dB(a)左右，几千台矿机运转起来的时候对周围的影响可想而知，所以有些地方经过设计和装修改造，还出现了静音矿场。
Now, as the mines are professionalized, the advantages and disadvantages of a mine, including water cooling, wind cooling, electrical design, have a great impact on the maintenance and cost of the later stages of the mine. Early mining operations have been rougher, with a shelf set up and a miner placed on it, and can begin to operate. It has been found that this mode of operation is not working, that the mine has a very high rate of damage and that maintenance costs are too high.
运营矿场也有风险，包括政策上的风险、技术上的风险，还有前期的投入等等，这都是不小的金额。一台比特币矿机的回本周期，根据币价的不同，还有算力变化的不同，大概为200至300天之间。再加上后期维护等成本，投资一家比特币矿场，需要有非常好的抗风险能力。
There are also risks to operating a mine, including policy risks, technical risks, and prior inputs, all of which are not insignificant. A bitcoin mine in the current cycle, depending on the currency price, and the difference in its capacity, is likely to be between 200 and 300 days.
矿池的定义
Definition of a pond
说完了矿场，再来说说矿池。相比较矿场，估计你对矿池更好奇，那到底什么是矿池呢？矿池就是算力的集合。最早，比特币世界里没有矿池这个角色的。矿工们自己进行计算，自己进行交易信息的打包。随着加入挖矿的人越来越多、算力越来越大，单个矿工能够挖到比特币的概率就越来越小，但其实更重要的是这种靠概率的收益越来越不稳定。一个普通的矿工，一个普通的矿场，可能一个月才能挖到一个区块。这对于矿工来说，资金的风险就很大。于是有人就想，我能不能把大家的算力都集中起来一起挖矿，能够挖到区块的概率就会大大增加，然后我把区块奖励再发给大家。于是就有了矿池。矿机负责进行哈希运算，矿池负责交易信息打包。也就是说，算力竞争和记账这两个动作由矿机和矿池分别进行。
After the mine is finished, then the ponds. You're probably more curious about the ponds than you are about the ponds. The ponds are a pool of arithmetic. For the first time, there is no part of a pit in the world of bitcoin. Miners compute their own calculations and pack their own trade information. As more and more people join in mining, the probability that individual miners will be able to dig bitcoin is smaller, but more importantly, the probability gains are more and more precarious. A common miner, an ordinary miner, may be able to dig a block a month. That is, the risk is great for miners.
那么，矿池怎么说服矿工把TA自己矿机的算力接入的呢？这里我给你介绍下矿池的两种主流合作模式：PPS和PPLNS。PPS模式（英文是Pay-Per-Share），即根据你的算力在矿池中的算力占比，给你每天基本固定的收益，注意这里是固定的收益。假设你的算力是1T，而整个矿池的算力是100T，那么你就占据了矿池算力的1%。然后，矿池根据当前的挖矿的难度和全球总算力的总和，估算出矿池一天大约能够挖到4个区块，注意这里是估算，并不是一定能挖到4个区块。而每个区块的奖励可以获得12.5个比特币。那么，矿池一天就能够获得50个比特币。那么，矿池会为你每天支付50*1%，也就是0.5个比特币的报酬。这样，即使矿池今天只挖到了1个区块，你也是获得0.5个比特币，这是由矿池支付给你的。但如果矿池运气好，挖到了10个区块，你还是只有0.5个比特币的收益，这时候就是矿池较赚了。但是从长期来看，你和矿池基本都是平衡的。
So, how does the pond convince the miners to access the system's arithmetic? Here I'll introduce you to the two dominant models of cooperation in the pond: PPS and PPLNS. The PPS model (in English, Pay-Per-Share), which is based on your arithmetic in the pond, gives you a very fixed daily gain, bearing in mind that the reward for each block is 12.5 bits. So you get 50 bits a day, then you get 50 per cents a day, or 0.5 bits a day, depending on the difficulty of digging and the sum of the world's aggregates. So, even if the pond is only four blocks a day, it's not necessarily four.
PPLNS模式（英文是Pay Per Last N Shares），意思是说“根据过去的N个股份来支付收益”，这意味着，所有的矿工一旦挖出了一个区块，大家将根据每一个人股份，也就是自己贡献的算力数量占比来分配区块中的新生比特币。那它和前面讲的PPS模式有什么区别呢？PPS模式下，比特币分红由矿池提前支付给矿工，所以只要矿工的矿机速度稳定，每天得到的比特币数量就会非常稳定，可以称之为固定投入固定收益模式。而PPLNS模式下，是固定投入动态收益的模式。固定时间内获得比特币多少，带有一定的运气成份。如果矿池一天能够挖出很多个区块，比它理论上能挖出的多，那么矿工能够分得比特币就多。如果矿池挖出的区块，比它理论上值少，那么矿工在这段时间获得收益就会非常少。如果矿池运行非常不好，很长时间都没有挖出区块，那么这段时间矿工就可能没有收益。
The PPLNS model (in English, Pay Per Last N Shares), which means that “the profits are paid on the basis of the previous N shares”, means that once all miners have dug up a block, they will distribute the fresh bitcoins in the block according to each individual’s share, that is to say, the amount of their contribution to the calculations. What is the difference between it and the previous PPS model? Under the PPS model, bitcoins are paid in advance to miners, so as long as the miner’s rate is stable and the number of bitcoins per day is very stable, it can be called a fixed input fixed return model. Under the PPLNS model, it is a pattern of fixed input dynamic returns.
FPPS（Full Pay Per Share），即完全PPS。在PPS模式的基础上，增加矿工费（也即区块中包含的交易手续费）奖励。FPPS模式下，矿池按照过去一天内BTC网络出块中的矿工费与coinbase奖励的比例来计算矿工费奖励。在这种模式下，矿工可在PPS收益模式的基础上额外获得矿工费的收益
FPPS (Full Pay Per Share), or full PPS. On the basis of the PPS model, the miners'fees (i.e. transaction fees included in blocks) are increased. Under the FPS model, the pits calculate the miners'fees as a ratio to the coinbase incentive in the past day's BTC network.
全球排名前10的矿池，有6家左右都是中国的矿池。值得注意的是，矿池是中国人建立的，不代表接入矿池的矿工们也都是中国的。俄罗斯也是挖矿的新生力量，韩国最近也对挖矿非常感兴趣。俄罗斯的BitFury早期是一家生产矿机的公司，现在转型做矿池，排名在前10以内。另一家俄罗斯矿池Russian Miner Coin宣布，计划募资1亿美元，与中国的矿池展开了竞争。这家矿池，据说是由俄罗斯总统普京的互联网顾问德米特里·马里尼切夫（Dmitry Marinichev）持有。此外，在从来没有比特币节点的朝鲜，从2017年5月份开始，有了比特币网络的节点。大家如果在比特币浏览器上能看到全球比特币节点的分布，你就会发现，比特币全节点的分布是非常分散的，远至南非、近至日本，北美、南美、非洲，都闪耀着比特币的节点的光芒。
Russia’s BitFury, an early company producing machines, now ranks in the top 10. Another Russian mine, Russian Miner Coin, announced plans to raise $100 million and compete with China’s ponds. The pond, reportedly owned by Russian President Vladimir Putin’s Internet adviser, Dmitry Marinchev, is also of great interest.
回到我们的主题，挖矿。如果你想成为一名在矿场进行维护的矿工，其实也比较简单。会基本的机械维修，看得懂电路板，基本上就能够胜任了。矿工的生活比较简单，因为通常在比较偏远的地方。所以，你就需能耐得住寂寞、懂得技术的宅男们，可能比较合适这份工作。
Back to our topic, mining. It's easier if you want to be a miner for maintenance at a mine. It's basic mechanical maintenance, you know circuit boards, and you can basically do it. Miners' lives are simpler, because they are usually far away. So, you need to be able to live with lonely, skilled men.
总结
Summary
矿场在逐步的专业化，并且回报周期较长，需要一定的抗风险能力，于是把大家的算力集中起来，便有了矿池；
The gradual specialization of the mines and the long cycle of return require a certain level of risk resistance, so that the pool can be brought together;
矿池的主要合作模式包括两种：FPPS和PPLNS，FPPS是在PPS模式的基础上，增加矿工费（也即区块中包含的交易手续费）奖励；PPLNS，是固定投入动态收益的方式，根据每个人的算力所在的股份，根据运气的好坏，动态获得收入。有抱团取暖的欢迎一起交流 关注公众号 柠檬在挖矿
The main modes of cooperation of the ponds are two: the FPPS and the PPLNS, where the FPPS are based on the PPS model, which provides an incentive to increase the fees of miners (i.e. transaction fees included in blocks); and the PPLNS, which is a way of fixing the dynamic benefits of inputs, generating income according to the weight of each individual's calculations, depending on the luck of the shares, depending on the dynamic.
注册有任何问题请添加 微信：MVIP619 拉你进入群
打开微信扫一扫
添加客服
进入交流群
发表评论