原创 腾讯医典
It's original. It's a medical protocol.
感冒是常见病，我们几乎都熟悉它的“流程三部曲”了。
The cold is a common disease, and we're almost familiar with it.
第一步：喉咙痛，可伴发热，身体有不适感（如乏力、酸痛等），人体免疫系统就位，开始战斗；
First step: throat pain, accompanied by heat, physical discomfort (e.g. powerlessness, acid pain), human immune system in place to start fighting;
第二步：打喷嚏，鼻塞；流鼻涕，细菌被赶出扁桃体，人体免疫系统和病毒的对战进行中；
Step 2: Sneezing, snuffing, snoting, expulsion of bacteria from the tonsil, human immune system and the fight against the virus;
第三步：如果人体获胜，那就战斗结束，如果人体战败，感冒就可能转入支气管炎或肺炎等「hard模式」。
Step 3: If the human body wins, then the battle ends, and if the human body loses, the cold can be transferred to “hard mode” such as bronchitis or pneumonia.
（图片来源：soogif）
(photo source: soogif)
感冒“流程”很简单，一般3-7天能痊愈，但它毕竟是疾病，有很多朋友不知怎样正确用药，甚至因为用错药导致肝、肾功能损伤甚至危及生命。
The flu “flow” is simple and usually heals for three to seven days, but it is, after all, a disease, and many friends do not know how to use it correctly, even because it causes liver, kidney function damage and even life-threatening damage.
所以很多人纠结，感冒到底吃不吃药？吃药又要注意哪些问题呢？
So a lot of people are wondering if they're taking the cold or not. What's the problem with taking the medicine?
“是药三分毒”，“感冒这种小病不吃药一周好，吃药7天好”，“不吃药扛过去能增加免疫力”。
It is “triple poison”, “a week without a cold, seven days without a pill” and “an increase in immunity without a pill”.
真的是这样吗？
Is that true?
其实答案并非统一，因人因情况而异。
The answer is not uniform, depending on the circumstances.
（图片来源：giphy）
(photo source: giphy)
一般的普通感冒，如果症状不是很严重，个人身体素质好，生活规律，能保证健康饮食和充足睡眠，确实可以不吃药，因为普通感冒主要是病毒感染，靠自身的免疫系统进行清除，往往三五天就能好。
It is true that common colds, if the symptoms are not severe, the individual is in good physical condition, the pattern of life ensures a healthy diet and adequate sleep, are free from medication, since common colds are mainly viral and are eliminated by their own immune systems, often for three or five days.
但是有些情况还是建议吃感冒药，比如出现流鼻涕、头痛、鼻塞等较严重情况时，如果不吃药，会影响到正常的生活和工作，甚至影响睡眠。
In some cases, however, it is recommended to take cold drugs, such as more severe cases of snot, headaches and nose plugs, which, if not taken, can affect normal life and work, or even sleep.
如果感冒者既往有慢性病或免疫力较差，这时不妨也服用一些可以改善症状的感冒药，促进感冒尽快痊愈，防止夜长梦多——感冒病毒或细菌如果占了上风，甚至可能导致肺炎、心肌炎等严重疾病。
If a person with a cold has a chronic disease or a low level of immunisation, it may also be appropriate to take some cold medicine that can improve the symptoms, promote the rapid healing of the cold and prevent the nightmares — the influenza virus or bacteria, if they take the upper hand, may even lead to serious diseases such as pneumonia, heart disease, etc.
感冒药种类很多，这里必须提醒，感冒药混着吃是很危险的，甚至会危及生命！
There are many kinds of cold medicine, and it's important to remind you that the combination of cold medicine is dangerous and even life-threatening!
这里说一个曾经的案例，27岁的研究生张某，因为感冒、发烧、全身酸痛，自行去药店拿了对乙酰氨基酚片、维C银翘片、感冒灵颗粒和银菊清解片（根据说明书成分注明，四种药均含有对乙酰氨基酚）。
This is a case of 27-year-old graduate students who, because of colds, fevers and acid pains, went to the drugstore to pick up acetyl amino phenol tablets, Vic. silver flosses, cold spirit particles and silver-gill separators (the composition of the instructions indicates that all four drugs contain acetaminophenol).
由于准备研究生答辩很辛苦，感冒让他的精神比较萎靡，为了更快地好起来，他自行加大了用药的剂量，但是效果并不好，出现了眼睛发黄的情况，甚至从头到脚的皮肤都开始发黄，精神更加萎靡，还有一些发烧和腹泻。
As a result of the difficult preparation of the post-graduate response, the cold had made his mind less strong and, in order to get better more quickly, he had increased the dose of his medication himself, but the effects had not been good, with yellow eyes and even yellow skins from the head to the feet, which had become worse, with fever and diarrhoea.
张某到医院进行检查，结果显示是严重的肝功能衰竭，严重的凝血功能障碍，肾功能衰竭，机体代谢紊乱，血氨过高，导致大脑功能障碍，经过全力抢救，最终医生还是没能将他从死神手中抢回来。
An examination at the hospital revealed severe liver failure, severe creciasis, kidney failure, organic metabolic disorders, high haemorrhage, leading to brain dysfunction and, after full rescue, the failure of the doctor to recover him from death.
医生分析张某去世的病因，最可能的就是因为感冒药混吃后乙酰氨基酚剂量叠加导致的药物性肝衰竭。
The most likely cause of Dr. Zhang's death was drug liver failure due to a combination of acetaminophenol doses.
（图片来源：giphy）
(photo source: giphy)
所谓“混着吃”，就是成分有重叠的感冒药一起吃。
The so-called “mixing” is a combination of cold medicine with overlapping ingredients.
因为市面上很多感冒药都是复方药，也就是说里面可能含有好几种药物成分，如果几种复方药物混着吃，可能会增加其中某些成分的剂量，造成急性的肝、肾损伤，危及生命，特别是对于本身肝、肾发育并不完全的儿童和有所衰退的老年人。
Because many of the cold drugs on the market are cotrimoxazoles, that is, they may contain several drug ingredients, which, if taken in combination, may increase the dose of some of them, cause acute liver and kidney damage, endanger life, especially for children with incomplete liver, kidney development and older persons who are in recession.
即使是不同成分的感冒药也不建议自行混合，最好还是在医生或药师的指导下服用。
Even cold drugs of different ingredients are not recommended to mix themselves, preferably under the guidance of a doctor or pharmacist.
这里有以下4点建议：
Here are the following four points:
首先，要判断自己的症状是否需要服药，如果已经影响到生活、工作或学习，是建议吃药的。
First, it is recommended to determine whether their symptoms require medication, if it already affects life, work or learning.
其次，选择药物时最好在医生和药师的指导下选择；如果自行购药，一定要仔细阅读药品说明书，根据你的症状来选择合适的药物，并且避免选择含有同样成分的药物。
Secondly, the choice of the drug is best made under the guidance of a doctor and a pharmacist; if the drug is purchased on its own, it must be carefully read, the appropriate drug should be selected on the basis of your symptoms, and the choice of drugs containing the same composition should be avoided.
如果存在发烧、流鼻涕、鼻塞、头痛可以挑选有对乙酰氨基酚和马来酸氯苯那敏的感冒药；存在咳嗽、咳痰可以选择同时含有右美沙芬和愈创木酚甘油醚的感冒药。
In the case of fever, snot, nasal, headaches, cold drugs with acetylaminophenol and chlorobenzene with martic acid can be selected; in the case of coughs and coughs, cold drugs containing both right-wing mesaphene and carbofol glycol ethers can be selected.
两岁以下儿童禁用，4岁以下不推荐使用，4-6岁之间的儿童可以在医生指导下使用复方的感冒药物。单方药物可以选择对乙酰氨基酚和布洛芬来改善症状（发烧、头痛等），也可以用生理盐水清洗鼻腔，改善鼻塞和流涕。
Children under the age of two are banned, children under the age of four are not recommended for use, and children between the ages of 4 and 6 can use a combination of cold drugs under the guidance of a doctor.
最后，感冒大部分是病毒引起，一般情况下不需要服用抗菌药物，除非在医院进行性血常规检查后医生诊断为细菌感染，才可服用抗菌药物。
Finally, most of the flu is caused by a virus, and antibacterial drugs are not generally required unless they are diagnosed as bacterial by a doctor following a routine examination of sexual blood in a hospital.
感冒虽然是小病，但也不能被轻视，要科学对待。
A cold is a minor disease, but it must not be taken lightly and treated scientifically.
感冒药不能乱吃，更不能随意混着吃。多喝水，好好休息，感冒才能好得更快。
You can't eat cold pills, you can't mix them. Drink more water, get some rest, you can't catch colds faster.
审稿专家：赵志刚 | 北京天坛医院药剂科主任、首都医科大学临床药学硕士生导师
Reviewer: Zhao Zhigang, Director of Pharmacology, Beijing Tianjin Hospital, Master of Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University
参考文献
References
[1]中华医学会呼吸病学分会哮喘学组.咳嗽的诊断与治疗指南(2009版)[J]. 中华结核和呼吸杂志， 2009, 19(022):1-7.
[1] Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Coughs (2009 edition) [J]. Chinese Journal of Tuberculosis and Respiratory, 2009, 19 (022); 1-7.
[2]赵德育, 杨倩媛.儿童咳嗽治疗药物选择[J]. 中国实用儿科杂志， 2016, v.31(03):183-185.
[2] Zhao Deyong, Yang Cough Treatment Drug Options for Children [J]. Chinese Practical Paediatric Journal, 2016, v.31 (03): 183-185.
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