国内比特币平台关停进入倒计时 警惕境外炒币风险

原标题：

　　国内比特币平台关停进入倒计时——

National Bitcoin Platform closing countdown & mdash; —

　　虚拟货币监管有实招

Virtual currency regulation has practical implications

　　经济日报·中国经济网记者 陈果静

Economic Daily & Middot; Chinese Economic Network, journalist Chen Guo Jing

　　目前，虚拟货币交易正从线下转至场外市场。由于其不受监管，风险较大，无法保障资金安全，投资应慎重。同时，境外炒币风险同样不容忽视，为让资金顺利“出海”，部分平台可能涉嫌虚构资金名目，存在法律风险

At present, virtual currency transactions are moving from the bottom to the off-the-shelf market. Because they are unregulated, they are too risky to guarantee financial security, and investments should be prudent.

　　资料图：美国加州南部启用比特币自动取款机。

　　日前，比特币中国发布公告称，将于北京时间10月30日12时停止提现业务。

The day before, Bitcoin China announced that it would cease its operations on 30 October at 1200 hours Beijing time.

　　9月15日，国内各比特币交易平台先后宣布，将在9月30日及10月30日关闭交易。截至目前，国内3大比特币平台——火币网、OkCoin和比特币中国都已停止了充值业务。

On 15 September, the country’s Bitcoin trading platforms announced that they would close the deal on 30 September and 30 October. To date, the country’s three big bitcoins & mdash; & mdash; and the currency network, OkCoin and Bitcoin China have all ceased their full-value operations.

　　9月4日，7部门发布《关于防范代币发行融资风险的公告》，要求各类代币发行融资活动(ICO)立即停止，接下来，监管层迅速出手，国内比特币交易所先后被关停。

On 4 September, seven departments issued a bulletin on protection against the risk of financing the issuance of money in currencies, which called for the immediate cessation of the financing of various types of money issuances (ICOs), followed by a rapid move at the regulatory level and the closure of the domestic Bitcoin exchange.

　　“如果风险不能通过非取缔的方式短期内予以控制，为了保护无风险认知与风险承受能力的普通投资者，只能快刀斩乱麻，进行取缔。”中国政法大学互联网金融法律研究院院长李爱君表示。

& ldquo; if the risk cannot be controlled in the short term by means of non-proscription, ordinary investors who are not aware of the risk and are able to withstand it can only be quickly cut off. & & rdquo; Director of the Institute of Internet Finance Law of the Chinese University of Politics and Law, Li Yijun, stated.

　　继中国强化虚拟货币监管后，韩国、俄罗斯也迅速强化了对虚拟货币和ICO的监管。10月11日，俄罗斯宣布关闭比特币交易网站。

Following China’s tightening of virtual currency regulation, South Korea and Russia also rapidly strengthened their regulation of virtual currency and the ICO. On October 11, Russia announced the closure of the Bitcoin trading website.

　　风险加速暴露

Risk acceleration exposure

　　我国ICO的激增，使得虚拟货币的风险加速暴露。

The proliferation of national ICOs has accelerated exposure to the risks of virtual currency.

　　早在2016年，中国人民银行等5部门就发布了《关于防范比特币风险的通知》，其中明确了比特币的性质，认为比特币不是由货币当局发行，不具有法偿性与强制性等货币属性，并不是真正意义的货币。“从性质上看，比特币是一种特定的虚拟商品，不具有与货币等同的法律地位，不能且不应作为货币在市场上流通使用。”

As early as 2016, five departments, such as the People’s Bank of China, issued a Notice on Protection against Bitcoin Risk, which clarifies the nature of bitcoin, considering that bitcoin is not issued by monetary authorities, has no legal and mandatory monetary attributes, and is not really a currency. “ by its nature, Bitcoin is a specific virtual commodity, has no legal status equivalent to currency, and cannot and should not be used as a currency in the market. & rdquo;

　　然而，监管层对虚拟货币风险的反复提示并未引发投资者的重视。在比特币等虚拟货币的炒作火爆之后，又出现了基于虚拟货币的“新玩法”——ICO。

However, repeated indications of virtual currency risk at the regulatory level have not attracted the attention of investors. After the explosion of virtual currency, such as Bitcoin, “ new methods of play & & rdquo; & mdash; & mdash; ICO.

　　工信部调查数据显示，2017年以前，我国ICO项目一共只有5个；2017年以来，ICO迅速发展，截至今年上半年，数量达到了27个，ICO总计融资26亿元，7月份、8月份，ICO项目数量再度飙升。截至9月7日，全国范围内ICO涉及资金数十亿元，ICO项目参与人数超过10万人。

According to the data of the Ministry of Information and Communications, there were only five ICO projects in the country until 2017; since 2017, the number of ICO projects had grown rapidly, reaching 27 in the first half of the year, with a total of 2.6 billion yuan in ICO financing and a sharp increase in the number of ICO projects in July and August. As of 7 September, ICO was involved in billions of yuan, with more than 100,000 participants in ICO projects nationwide.

　　中国人民银行金融研究所所长孙国峰认为，ICO没有规范程序可循，消费者仅基于白皮书的内容来判断是否参与融资，而多数的白皮书内容虚假、严重失真，涉嫌非法集资。“很多消费者并不关心项目本身的价值，只关心投资回报，致使风险被忽略。”孙国峰表示，从理论上讲，虚拟货币的价值取决于项目白皮书中承诺的技术方案能否成功实现，但很多ICO项目募集资金并没有用于项目本身，而是被挪用至其他用途，甚至一些项目的实际操作与白皮书的内容毫无关系，涉嫌明显的主观故意合同诈骗。

The Director of the Financial Research Institute of the People’s Bank of China, Sun Kuo Feng, argues that the ICO does not have a regular procedure to follow, that consumers judge whether or not to participate in financing solely on the basis of the contents of the white paper, and that most white papers are false, grossly false, and suspected of illegal fund-raising. & & ldquo; many consumers do not care about the value of the project itself, but about the return on their investment, leading to the risk being ignored. & & rdquo; Sun Guo Feng states that, theoretically, the value of the virtual currency depends on the success of the technical programmes promised in the white paper on the project, but many ICO projects raise funds not for the project itself, but are diverted to other purposes, and even the actual operation of some projects has nothing to do with the contents of the white paper.

　　ICO的野蛮生长吹大了虚拟货币价格泡沫。年初以来，比特币等虚拟货币价格飙涨，从5000元左右涨至最高3万元左右。更为严重的是，由于其匿名性、去中心化等特性，这些虚拟货币成为不法分子洗钱、非法交易、逃避外汇管制的重要工具。

Since the beginning of the year, virtual currency prices, such as Bitcoins, have skyrocketed, from about $5,000 to up to 30,000. More seriously, because of their anonymity, decentralization, etc., these virtual currencies have become an important tool for outlaws to launder money, trade illegally, and escape foreign exchange controls.

　　各国强化监管

Enhanced national regulation

　　在中国比特币平台相继发布公告关停后，韩国、俄罗斯等国也加强了对虚拟货币的监管。

Some countries, such as the Republic of Korea and the Russian Federation, have also strengthened their regulation of virtual currency following successive announcements by the Chinese Bitcoin platform.

　　9月份，俄罗斯央行就发布了对虚拟货币的警告。俄央行称，公民和法律实体可能会通过加密货币参与非法活动，包括洗钱和恐怖主义融资。俄央行表示，“鉴于加密货币流通和使用的高风险，认可加密货币的时机尚不成熟，此外还包括以加密货币计价或与之关联的任何金融工具，都不可以在俄罗斯联邦进入流通或者有组织交易和清算结算基础设施，不可以与加密货币及其衍生金融工具进行交易”。

In September, the Central Bank of Russia issued a warning on virtual currency. According to the Central Bank, citizens and legal entities may be involved in illegal activities, including money-laundering and terrorist financing, through encrypted currency.

　　10月11日，俄罗斯进一步宣布，将封禁境内比特币等加密货币的网站。

On 11 October, Russia further announced that it would block sites containing encrypted currency such as Bitcoin in its territory.

　　近期，韩国也叫停了ICO。9月29日，韩国金融服务委员会表示，将禁止所有形式的代币融资，并称数字货币可能会对韩国的货币体系甚至整个经济的监管造成严重影响，表示接下来对ICO的检查机制将会非常严格。目前，韩国是以太币交易最活跃的国家。

On September 29, the Korea Financial Services Commission stated that it would ban all forms of money-for-money financing, stating that digital currency could have a serious impact on the country’s monetary system and even on the regulation of the economy as a whole, suggesting that the next inspection mechanism for the ICO would be very strict. At present, South Korea is the country most active in currency transactions.

　　央行货币政策委员会秘书长温信祥指出，各国的监管内容主要集中在几个方面：一是对数字货币的法律性质进行归类，确立其法律地位。美国国税局将比特币归类为应纳税资产；在日本，比特币被定义为一种新型支付方式；澳大利亚则“允许数字货币被视为符合消费税的货币”。二是监管ICO，保护投资者权益。三是采用许可证制度，对数字货币初创公司的合法资格进行监管。纽约成为美国第一个正式推出定制比特币和数字货币监管的州。四是将数字货币交易平台和私人用户纳入反洗钱法规，防止洗钱活动。

The Secretary-General of the Monetary Policy Committee of the Central Bank noted with good faith that the regulatory content of countries is concentrated on several aspects: first, the legal classification of digital currencies and the establishment of their legal status. The United States IRS classifies bitcoins as taxable assets; in Japan, bitcoins are defined as a new form of payment; in Australia & “ allows digital currencies to be considered consumer tax-compliant currencies & rdquo; and, second, the regulation of ICO, protecting investors’ rights and interests.

　　目前，虽然各国对虚拟货币的态度不尽相同，但越来越多的国家开始考虑强化对虚拟货币和ICO等的监管。

Currently, while countries have different attitudes towards virtual currencies, an increasing number of countries are considering strengthening regulation of virtual currencies and ICOs.

　　警惕境外炒币风险

Watch out for foreign currency risk.

　　在监管迅速出手后，国内虚拟货币市场得到有效整治。但目前，虚拟货币交易正从线下转至场外市场，同时，部分投资者转向境外炒币。

Domestic virtual currency markets are being effectively regulated after rapid regulatory action. But, at present, virtual currency transactions are moving from the bottom of the line to off-the-shelf markets, while some investors are shifting to foreign currency swings.

　　苏宁金融研究院互联网金融中心主任薛洪言近期就提示了境外炒币的风险，“除了个别国家以发放牌照的方式将虚拟货币交易所纳入监管框架之内，多数国家和地区的虚拟货币交易所都没有监管背书，也没有上线诸如资金存管、虚拟货币存管等防范措施”。

The Director of the Centre for Internet Finance at the Suning Institute of Finance, Xue Hongh, has recently raised the risk of offshore currency speculation, & ldquo; apart from the inclusion of virtual currency exchanges in the regulatory framework through licensing in individual countries, virtual currency exchanges in most countries and regions do not have regulatory endorsements and do not have on-line preventive measures such as financial and virtual currency deposits & & rdquao;

　　还有专家指出，场外市场交易实际上就是私下交易，这一市场不受监管，无法保障资金安全，投资应慎重。同时，境外炒币的风险同样不容忽视，资金安全只是一方面，另一方面为让资金顺利“出海”，部分平台可能涉嫌虚构资金名目，存在法律风险。

It has also been pointed out that off-site market transactions are in fact private transactions, that the market is unregulated, that financial security cannot be guaranteed, and that investment should be prudent. At the same time, the risk of foreign currency speculation should not be overlooked.

　　在关停虚拟货币交易平台后，相关监管仍然不能松懈。温信祥建议，要发展监管科技，利用大数据、云计算、人工智能、机器学习、区块链等技术，提升监管效率。同时，加强国际监管合作。数字货币去中心化的特点要求各国监管机构协同监管，成员国之间应制定原则性监管法规，建立统一的数字货币国际纠纷解决机制，加强信息共享与交流，共同打击数字货币跨国犯罪活动。

With the closure of the virtual money exchange platform, the regulations are still not loose. It is a matter of good faith to suggest that regulatory technology should be developed, using technology such as big data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, machine learning, block chains, etc., to enhance regulatory efficiency. At the same time, international regulatory cooperation should be strengthened.