摘 要：区块链是分布式数据存储、点对点传输、共识机制、加密算法等计算机技术的新型应用模式。狭义来讲，区块链是一种依照时刻次序将数据区块以次序相连的方法组合成的一种链式数据结构，并以密码学方法确保不行篡改和不行假造的分布式账本。广义来讲，区块链技能是使用块链式数据结构来验证存储数据、使用分布式节点一致的算法来生成和更新数据、使用密码学的方法确保数据传输和拜访的安全、使用由自动化脚本代码组成的智能合约来编程和操作数据的一种全新的分布式根底架构与计算范式。由此可见，区块链拥有着透明的、不可篡改、分布式记账、点对点传输等其他的特点和特性，故此看来，区块链技术可应用到各行各业中；特别是在当下的互联网时代，众多互联网公司和企业也纷纷踏足区块链的领域。
一、区块链的定义
i. Definition of block chains
区块链（Blockchain）的概念最早可以追溯到2008年末，一位名叫“中本聪”的神秘人士在论坛中发表了一篇论文《比特币：一种点对点的电子现金系统》，首次提出了区块链的概念。文中提到，为解决电子货币的安全问题，可由时间戳服务器为一组，以区块（Block）形式存在的数据实施哈希（Hash）后加上时间戳，并且广播该哈希，每个时间戳将前一个时间戳纳入哈希中，随后的时间戳会对之前的时间戳进行增强，由此形成了一个“区块链”。
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区块链是分布式数据存储、点对点传输、共识机制、加密算法等计算机技术的新型应用模式。所谓共识机制是区块链系统中实现不同节点之间建立信任、获取权益的数学算法。区块连本质上是一个去中心化的数据库，同时作为比特币的底层技术。区块链是一串使用密码学方法相关联产生的数据块，每一个数据块中包含了一次比特币网络交易的信息，用于验证其信息的有效性（防伪）和生成下一个区块。
block chains are new applications of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanisms, encryption algorithms, etc. Consensus mechanisms are mathematical algorithms for building trust and acquiring rights between nodes in a block chain system. Blocks are essentially a decentralised database and serve as the bottom technology for bitcoin. Block chains are a series of data blocks that are associated with cryptography, each containing information from a Bitcoin network transaction to verify the validity of their information (pseudo-proof) and generate the next block.
图1 区块链
二、区块链的特点和特性
II. Features and characteristics of the block chain
区块链是分布式数据储存，点对点传输，共识机制，加密算法等计算机技术在互联网时代的创新应用模式。其主要包括以下几个特点：
block chains are distributed data storage, point-to-point transmissions, consensus mechanisms, and innovative applications of computer technology such as encryption algorithms in the Internet age. Main features include the following: .
1
去中心化
Let's go to the center.
由于使用分布式核算和存储，不存在中心化的硬件或管理机构，任意节点的权利和义务都是均等的，系统中的数据块由整个系统中具有维护功能的节点来共同维护。任一节点停止工作都会不影响系统整体的运作。
Due to the use of distributed accounting and storage, there is no centralized hardware or regulatory body, rights and obligations at any node are equal, and data blocks in the system are jointly maintained by nodes with a maintenance function throughout the system. Any one stoppage does not affect the overall functioning of the system.
2
去信任
To trust.
系统中所有节点之间无需信任也可以进行交易，因为数据库和整个系统的运作是公开透明的，在系统的规则和时间范围内，节点之间无法欺骗彼此。
3
开放性
Openness
系统是开放的，除了交易各方的私有信息被加密外，区块链的数据对所有人公开，任何人都可以通过公开的接口查询区块链数据和开发相关应用，因此整个系统信息高度透明。
system is open. Except for private information of the parties to the transaction, data on the block chain are made available to all. Anyone can access block chain data and develop related applications through an open interface, and therefore information throughout the system is highly transparent.
4
自治性
Autonomy
区块链采用基于协商一致的规范和协议，使得整个系统中的所有节点能够在去信任的环境自由安全的交换数据，使得对“人”的信任改成了对机器的信任，任何人为的干预不起作用。
block chains use consensus-based norms and agreements that enable all nodes throughout the system to exchange freely and secure data in a trusted environment, and that trust in the “human person” is transformed into trust in the machine, and intervention by any person is ineffective.
5
信息不可篡改
Information cannot be tampered with.
一旦信息经过验证并添加至区块链，就会永久的存储起来，除非能够同时控制住系统中超过51%的节点，否则单个节点上对数据库的修改是无效的，因此区块链的数据稳定性和可靠性极高。
Once the information is authenticated and added to the block chain, it will be permanently stored. Unless more than 51% of nodes in the system can be controlled at the same time, changes to the database on individual nodes will not be valid and therefore the data stability and reliability of the block chain are extremely high.
6 匿名性 Anonymous 由于节点之间的交换遵循固定的算法，其数据交互是无需信任的（区块链中的程序规则会自行判断活动是否有效），因此交易对手无须通过公开身份的方式让对方自己产生信任，对信用的累积非常有帮助。 Since exchange between nodes follows a fixed algorithm, the data interaction is untrustworthy (the rules of procedure in the block chain determine whether the activity is valid) and therefore the counterparty does not need to create confidence in itself through open identification, which is very helpful for credit accumulation. 区块链的这些特点和特性正在走进政府决策、金融机构、大型企业的视野，并应用于数字货币、支付清算、信贷融资、金融交易等领域的拓展。 these characteristics and characteristics of the block chain are entering the horizon of government decision-making, financial institutions, large enterprises and are applied to the expansion of digital currency, settlement of payments, credit financing, financial transactions, etc. 三、区块链的应用领域 III. Field of application of block chains 区块链实际上是一种公共账簿，可通过数字化方式，安全、自动化地验证和记录大量交易。区块链目前最为典型的应用领域有三种：一是币类领域，如比特币、以太币等；二是传统金融领域，比如区块链技术联盟R3、Hyperledger等，汇聚了高盛、中国平安、汇丰、IBM等机构，致力于在金融领域的跨境支付、金融票据管理等应用场景；三是非金融的领域，如在能源、奢侈品、电信、互联网等领域。下面是包括各类金融机构及创业公司在内的区块链应用尝试。 block chains are actually public books that can be digitized to certify and record large amounts of transactions in a secure, automated manner. There are currently three most typical application areas for block chains: currency, e.g. bitcoin, etaco, etc.; and traditional financial areas, e.g., block chain technology unions R3, Hyperledger, etc., which bring together such institutions as Goldman Sachs, China Peace, Hong Kong, IBM, etc., to work on applications such as cross-border payments in the financial field and financial instrument management; and non-financial areas, e.g. energy, luxury goods, telecommunications, Internet. 1 金融 Finance 区块链应用在金融领域是促进反洗钱和顾客身份审查。在区块链的创新和使用探究中，金融是最主要的范畴，区块链技能在数字钱银、付出清算、智能合约、金融交易、物联网金融等多个方面存在宽广的使用远景。 block chains should be used in the financial field to promote anti-money laundering and customer identification. In the innovation and exploration of block chains, finance is the most important area, and block chain skills have a broad vision of use in a variety of areas, such as digital money and silver, pay for liquidation, smart contracts, financial transactions, and material networking finance. 就拿淘宝来说，付出环节需求经过支付宝完成可信任担保交易，但由于淘宝和支付宝是同属关系，这种信用基础就被操纵在阿里自己手里。如果把支付宝担保渠道换成一个“可信任的超级系统”，让交易变得直观而安全，也就不需求第三方担保了。区块链的出现刚好可以让这个主意变成现实。 In the case of treasures, the demand to pay the chain of payment can be trusted in a secured transaction, but because the treasures and the payment treasures are in the same relationship, the credit base is manipulated in Ali's own hands. If you replace the payment bond channel with a “trustable supersystem” that makes the transaction visible and safe, no third-party guarantee is needed. The block chain just happens to make the idea a reality. 2 游戏 Game 区块链应用游戏领域是把游戏权利交还给游戏玩家。区块链技能去中心化、智能合约、资产买卖等技能特点，能很好的解决现在游戏职业游戏数据和用户数据隐私走漏的问题，促进游戏中虚拟数字钱银的保值，完成用户与游戏开发渠道公正的价值同享。在国外，区块链技能已广泛应用在游戏付出环节，如八百万玩家的游戏Fragoria已启动区块链付出网关，为游戏职业提供首个加密钱银付出计划。 The field of block chain application is to return play rights to game players. The skills features of block chain skills, such as centralization, smart contracts, asset sales, etc., can be a good solution to the problem of missing data from current professional games and user data privacy, promoting the preservation of virtual digital money and silver in games, and completing the value of users and fair play development channels. 3 社交 Socialization 区块链应用社交领域让用户自己控制数据，杜绝隐私泄露。区块链技术在社交领域的应用目的，就是为了让社交网络的控制权从中心化的公司转向个人，实现中心化向去中心化的改变，让数据的控制权牢牢掌握在用户自己手里。以色列轻社交APP软件Synereo，借助匿名化的区块链网络及其内嵌代币机制，充分保证用户隐私安全。同时利用标签代币化和个性化定价，帮助人们重塑社交网络形象、人与人之间关系、身份与认知。 block chain application in the social domain allows users to control their own data and to prevent disclosure of privacy. The purpose of block chain technology in the social area is to shift control of social networks from centralized companies to individuals, to bring about a centralized change in data control to the user himself. Israel's light social PPP software Synereo, fully secures user privacy through anonymous block chain networks and its internal monetization mechanisms. It also uses label monetization and personalization pricing to help people reconstruct social network images, people-to-people relationships, identities and perceptions. 4 版权 Copyright 区块链应用版权领域是重塑对知识产权的保护。区块链的技术将所有的交易都记录在区块中，且形成记录不可被篡改，因此所有交易都可以被追踪和查询到，保障了区块链上的交易透明性，避免网络中的用户非法使用具有知识产权保护的内容。对原创者来说，这是一种更便捷、更安全、更低廉的版权保护方式。目前区块链技术多应用于数字音乐的版权保护，在线音乐平台PledgeMusic公布了一个全球分散式帐簿和公平贸易音乐数据库的综合蓝图，可以充分解决所有权，付款和透明度问题。 The area of copyright application of block chains is the restoration of protection of intellectual property rights. The technology of block chains records all transactions in blocks and forms records that cannot be tampered with, so that all transactions are traceable and traceable, guaranteeing transparency of transactions in block chains and avoiding the illegal use of intellectual property protection content by users in the network. This is an easier, safer and less expensive form of copyright protection for original creators. The current sector chain technology is mostly applied to copyright protection of digital music, and the online music platform, PledgeMusic, has published a comprehensive blueprint for a global decentralized book book and fair trade music database that fully addresses ownership, payment and transparency issues . 5 云计算 Cloud computing 区块链应用云计算领域是推动公共信任基础设施建设进程。区块链与云的结合，有两种方法，一种是区块链在云上，一种是区块链在云里。后边一种，也就是BaaS，Blockchain-as-a-Service，是指在云效能商直接把区块链作为效能供给用户。未来，云效能企业越来越多地将区块链技术整合至云核算的生态环境中，经过供给BaaS功用，有效下降企业运用区块链的安置本钱，下降立异创业的初始门槛。 The area of block-chain application for cloud computing is to facilitate the process of building public trust infrastructure. The combination of block-chains and clouds can be found in two ways, one on the cloud and the other in the cloud. The latter, namely, BaaS, Blockchain-as-a-Service, refers to the direct use of block-chains by cloud-efficient operators as efficiency providers. 6 医疗 Medical 区块链应用医疗领域能够实现数据共享，可更精确的诊断、更有效的治疗。一直以来，医疗机构都要忍耐无法在各渠道上安全地同享数据。数据供给商之间更好的数据协作意味着更精确的确诊，更有用的治疗，以及提高医疗系统供给经济合算的医疗服务的全体才能。区块链技能能够让医院、患者和医疗利益链上的各方在区块链网络里同享数据，而不用忧虑数据的安全性和完整性。 The area of block-chain applications allows for data sharing, more accurate diagnosis and more effective treatment. Health-care institutions have long endured the inability to share data safely across all channels. Better data collaboration between data providers means more accurate diagnosis, more useful treatment, and improved health-care systems to provide cost-effective medical services for all. 7 供应链管理 Supply chain management 区块链技术最普遍适用的方面之一就是供应链管理，它支持更安全、更透明的监控交易。供应链基本上是一系列交易节点，互相链接起来，将产品从A点移到销售点或最终部署点。借助区块链，随着产品在整个供应链上易手、从生产环节进入到销售环节，交易可以被详细记录在永久的分散记录中――从而缩减时间延迟、减少增加成本和人为错误。这个行业已涌现出了几家区块链初创公司：Provenance在为材料和产品构建一个可追溯系统；Fluent提供了一种向全球供应链放贷的非传统平台；Skuchain为企业对企业贸易和供应链金融市场构建了基于区块链的产品。 . 来源：数邦客 免责声明
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