大家观察 ｜ 郭善琪：区块链的共识与共识的区块链｜区块链｜共识｜定义

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　　2018年7月19日，共识经济学（Consenomics）创立者郭善琪在DAGA | Blockchain & AI （核心群）做了专题分享，主题为：区块链的共识与共识的区块链。以下文字根据讲座的语音整理，已经过作者审核。

On 19 July 2018, the founder of Consenomics, Szeuki Guo, shared a theme in the DAGA Blockchain & AI (core group) on the theme: Consensus and consensus chain of blocks. The following text is based on the speech and has been examined by the author.

　　今天的汇报包括六部分内容：

Today's presentation includes six parts:

　　1、区块链的定义

1, definition of block chain

　　2、共识的定义、层次与核心要素

2, consensual definition, hierarchy and core elements

　　3、共识的变迁

3, change of consensus

　　4、效用、价值、价格与共识的内在逻辑

4, utility, value, price and consensus logic

　　5、共识、契约与制度的内在逻辑

5, Consensus, Compact and Systemic Inherited Logic

　　6、当前区块链产业存在的问题与对策

6, problems with and responses to the current block chain industry

　　一、区块链的定义

i. Definition of block chains

　　首先向大家汇报一下我对区块链的定义，就是我怎么看区块链的，此处呼应一下标题里“区块链的共识”，相当于我们大家对区块链的一个共同一致的看法。目前来看应该还没有达成共识，就是说目前各方对于区块链的认识和看法或者定义不太一致。

begins by reporting to you how I see the block chain, echoing here the title “Consensus on the block chain” which we all agree on. There should be no consensus at this stage, that is to say, there is not much agreement on the current understanding or definition of the block chain.

　　举个例子，我们在百度百科或者维基百科去搜“区块链”的定义，结果是不一样的，但有个共同特点都是从纯粹的技术视角去定义的，例如百度百科把它定义成计算的范式，维基百科把它定义成一系列数据的记录，这些我都觉得相对比较狭隘一些。

　　对区块链的认识，我个人觉得自己也是有一个不断深化的过程。

　　去年我对区块链的认识和百度百科是基本一致的，也是认为区块链是一种新的计算范式。

My understanding of the block chain and the encyclopedia of the block chain last year were largely consistent, as was my belief in the block chain as a new computational paradigm.

　　2018年春节之后，我对区块链的认识在不断深化。前段时间我提出了“一体两翼”，之后又提出了“一个中心、两个基本点”，这两个提法其实是一回事。

After Spring 2018, my understanding of the block chain is deepening. I put forward the words “one wing” and then the words “one center, two basic points”, which are actually one thing.

　　区块链的核心是具化共识（concrete consence），此为神鸟鸿鹄“一体两翼”中的身体，分布式账本和数字通证为神鸟鸿鹄的两翼。“一个中心”即以具化共识为中心，“两个基本点”是分布式账本和数字通证。但是这两种比喻的说法我觉得还是不太严谨，都没有正面回答区块链是什么。

At the heart of the block chain is concrete consence, which is the twin wings of the `one wing' body, distributed ledgers and digital hysteria. The `one center' is centred on the `concrete' and the `two basics' are distributed books and digital hymens. But the metaphors are still not very precise and neither answer positively what the block chain is.

　　那么，我对区块链的定义是什么呢？

So what's my definition of a block chain?

　　我认为：区块链是传输社会信用与信任的基础设施，其核心是具化共识，物理载体是分布式账本，价值载体是数字通证。

I think the block chain is an infrastructure for the transmission of social credit and trust, with a built-in consensus at its core, a physical carrier is a distributed account book and a value carrier is a digital pass.

　　▲区块链的定义

definition of a block chain

　　我个人觉得这个定义还是相对比较完善的，比如定义互联网，我认为互联网是传输信息的基础设施，那么对应的，区块链是传输社会信用与信任的基础设施。信任和信用紧密相关，《经济学人》杂志给出的定义是说，区块链是一台“trust machine”,即“信任机器”。

Personally, I think it's a relatively good definition, for example, of the Internet, which I think is an infrastructure for the transmission of information, so that the chain of blocks is an infrastructure for the transmission of social credit and trust. Trust and credit are closely related, as the Economist has defined it as a “trust machine”, or a “trust machine”.

　　▲区块链的英文定义

English definition of the block chain

　　二、共识的定义、层次与核心要素

II, consensual definition, hierarchy and core elements

　　共识不是一个新词，但是把共识赋予一个严谨的学术定义是我2018年3月份做的事情。

Consensus is not a new word, but giving consensus a strict academic definition was what I did in March 2018.

　　我给共识下的定义是：共识是经济活动的主体（一群人、社区或者国家）在特定历史时期的经济活动中对于某些特定议题或者问题的一致意见。

I define consensus as the consensus that is the subject of economic activity (a group of people, a community or a State) on certain specific topics or issues in economic activity in a given historical period.

　　这是我对共识的经济学层面的定义（这个定义是抽象的，概念的）。

is my definition of the economic dimension of consensus (which is abstract, conceptual).

　　▲共识分为两个层次

Consensus divided into two levels

　　共识分为两个层次：抽象共识和具化共识（通常我们说的共识是为具化共识），前者是概念层面的共识，后者是具体化的共识。

There are two levels of

　　共识的核心要素包括两个，即信用和信任。

The core elements of the consensus are two, namely credit and trust.

　　信用是经济和金融层面的概念，而信任是社会和心理层面的概念，例如签合同时，双方必须要有对于对方的信用有一种信任。

credit is a concept at the economic and financial level, while trust is a concept at the social and psychological levels, such as when signing contracts, both parties must have a trust in each other's credit.

　　嗯，补充一下，具化共识包括两部分内容，即：

, to add, the construing consensus consists of two parts, namely:

　　A. 基本共识

A. Basic consensus

　　B. 基本共识变迁之共识

B. Changing consensus

　　三、共识的变迁

III. Changing consensus

　　这里的“共识”是指具化共识。

Here, “consensus” means consensus.

　　从共识经济学的视角可以把人类社会划分为三个阶段：

from the perspective of consensus economics can divide human society into three phases:

　　A.1944年之前

A1944

　　B.1944年-2008年

B.1944 - 2008

　　C.2008年之后

C. After 2008

　　▲2008北京奥运会

: 2008 Beijing Olympic Games

　　在三个阶段中，有两个关键的时间节点：

in three phases has two key time nodes:

　　第一个时间节点是1944年。

The first time node in

　　这一年在美国召开了布雷顿森林会议，形成布雷顿森林体系。

This year, the Bretton Woods Conference was held in the United States to shape the Bretton Woods system.

　　这个会议的最大成果是：美元成为全球贸易的统一结算货币，美元和黄金挂钩，其他国家的法币与美元挂钩，人类历史上第一次形成统一的国际贸易结算货币，极大地促进了全球贸易的发展。

The greatest outcome of the conference was that the United States dollar became a unified clearing currency for global trade, that the dollar and gold were linked, that the French currencies of other countries were pegged to the dollar and that, for the first time in human history, a single international trade clearing currency was formed, which greatly contributed to the development of global trade.

　　第二个时间节点是2008年。

The second time node of

　　这一年在北京开了奥运会，这是中国或者说全球整体经济繁荣的一个标志。

The year of the Olympic Games in Beijing is a sign of the overall economic prosperity of China or the world.

　　当然，2008年的5月12日汶川大地震，是对于中国人来说，是一件大事，我们很多同胞遇难。

Of course, the Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May 2008 was a big event for the Chinese, and many of our compatriots were killed.

　　2008年对全世界而言，有三件重要事件。

2008 has three important events for the world.

　　第一，北京奥运会：不仅是对中国，对世界而言也是一件大事，标志着世界性经济繁荣。

First, Beijing Olympics: It is a big event not only for China, but also for the world, marking the prosperity of the world economy.

　　第二，2008年9月15日，雷曼兄弟公司宣布破产：

Second, on 15 September 2008, Lehman Brothers declared bankrupt:

　　▲2008年9月15日雷曼兄弟宣布破产

Lehman Brothers declared bankrupt on 15 September 2008

　　雷曼兄弟破产的前一天，其信用评级是AAA，相当于他们违约的概率无限趋近于0，但是这家公司宣布破产，破产肯定就是违约了，这很不可思议。

The day before Leont's bankruptcy, the Lehman Brothers had a credit rating of AAA, amounting to a near-zero probability of default, but it's amazing that the company declared bankruptcy.

　　这件事成为一个导火索，把美国房地产次贷危机引爆成了蔓延全球的金融危机、信用危机与经济危机。

The event served as a trigger for a financial crisis, a credit crisis and an economic crisis spreading across the globe.

　　实际上，这次危机一直延续至今，很多国家其实还没有走出来。

In fact, the crisis continues to this day, and many countries have not yet come out.

　　第三、2008年11月1日，一个名叫中本聪的人，在一个电子邮件列表中群发了一篇论文，其名字叫《比特币：一种点对点的电子现金系统》。

Third, on 1 November 2008, a person named Bint Nakamoto published a paper in a list of e-mails called Bitcoin: An Electronic Cash System for Point-to-Point.

　　这代表新的时代——共信力时代的到来。

represents the new era - the advent of the time of common trust.

　　2008年雷曼兄弟破产代表了社会对机构公信力的怀疑，事件发生后，很多人第一时间怀疑的就是评信机构，评信机构实际上是公信力的典型代表。

In 2008, Lehman Brothers' insolvency representative expressed society's doubts about the credibility of the institution. After the incident, many people had the first doubts about the institution, which was in fact a typical representative of credibility.

　　前几年我在大公国际工作的时候和我的下属讲，雷曼破产，不管谁评的，评信机构有问题，或者是评级方法有问题，或者就是评级机构的数据有问题，要不然就是评级机构的员工有问题，有道德风险，存在员工舞弊行为……

I told my subordinates at Grand Duke International a few years ago that Lehman was bankrupt, that whoever judged him, the rating agency had problems, or the rating agency's data, or else the rating agency's employees had problems, moral hazard, and there was employee fraud... .

　　按道理，评级机构有责任提前向市场、向投资人预告，对于雷曼兄弟，无论是降级也好，列入负面观察也罢，评级机构应该做一定动作和表态，但评信机构没有做出类似举动，直接让一个3A级信用的机构破产，因此，无论如何评信机构都是有问题的。

is a reasonable duty of rating agencies to advance to the market, to inform investors, and to include negative observations about Lehman Brothers, whether demoted or not. Rating agencies should do something and take a stand, but the rating agencies have not done a similar thing by directly bankrupting a 3A credit institution, so the rating agencies are in any case problematic.

　　公信力与共信力我分别给它们做了定义，公信力我将之称为Power based on public confidence；共信力我将之定义为Power based on private confidence，即点对点信任。

I defined their credibility as Power based on public confidence, and they were defined as Power based on confidence, i.e. point-to-point trust.

　　2018年中本聪的论文发表之后，产生了一种新的力量，虽然还如小草一般比较弱小，但有成长壮大的趋势，这标志着共信力时代的到来。

The release of Bennett's mid-2018 paper has given rise to a new power, which, although still weak and small as weeds, has a tendency to grow and grow, marking the advent of the age of common trust.

　　综上，1944年前我们称之为原始的共信力时代，大家都互相信任。然而随着人类活动范围的扩大，社会生产力发展，人类交易成本不断增加，直至1944年美元作为世界流通型统一货币的出现，大大降低了交易成本，改善了这一状况，因此，1944年以前，我将之称为原始的共信力时代，1944年-2008年我们称之为公信力时代，2008年之后我们称之为共信力时代。

After all, before 1944, when we called it the original period of common trust, we all trusted each other. But with the expansion of human activity and the development of social productivity, the cost of human transactions increased until 1944, when the United States dollar emerged as the world's circulating single currency, significantly reduced the cost of transactions and improved the situation, so before 1944, when I called it the original period of common trust, between 1944 and 2008, we called it the period of credibility, and after 2008.

　　独立经济学家赵晓教授有一个说法，和我的三个阶段的提法很类似，他把人类的信任发展划分为三个阶段：

Professor Zhao Xiao, independent economist , has a saying similar to my three-stage formulation, which divides the development of human trust into three phases:

　　第一阶段，熟人间的信任，

Phase I, trust among acquaintances,

　　第二阶段，对机构的信任，

Phase II, Trust in Institutions,

　　第三阶段，陌生人之间的信任。

Phase 3, Trust between strangers.

　　赵教授的提法与我对人类三个发展阶段的划分有异曲同工之妙。

Professor Zhao's formulation is very different from my dichotomy of the three stages of human development.

　　四、效用、价值、价格与共识的内在逻辑

IV; Inherent logic of utility, value, price and consensus

　　什么是效用？效用是某种商品或服务使经济活动主体（例如消费者）在生理上或心理上产生的满足感，这是对于个人、自然人来说；另一方面，对于机构来讲，效用即为机构效率的提高或者是成本的降低。

What is the utility? The utility is the physical or psychological satisfaction of the subject of an economic activity (e.g. the consumer), for individuals or natural persons; and, for institutions, the utility is the efficiency of the institution or the cost reduction.

　　什么是价值？此处我们将之限制在经济学层面，它是对效用的一种测度，即商品或服务的供给方与需求方对于商品和服务的效用所达成的一种共识。

What is value ? Here we limit it to the economics dimension, which is a measure of utility, i.e. a common understanding between the supply and demand side of the goods or services.

　　什么是价格? 价格是价值的一种反映（或者说是一种共识），是商品或服务的供给者和需求者之间对于商品或服务的价值达成的一种共识。如果画个图，就是供给曲线和需求曲线的交点，如果在交点，就能达成共识，反之，则达不成共识。

Prices are a reflection of value (or a consensus) and a consensus among suppliers and demanders of goods or services on the value of goods or services. If you draw a picture, it is the intersection between the supply and demand curves, and if you are at the intersection, consensus can be reached, and vice versa.

　　总结一下此三者的共识点，效用即商品或服务对需求者所提供的生理或者心理上的满足，或者组织的成本的降低，效益的提高；价值是对效益的测度，或者是一种共识；价格是价值的反映，但价格不一定代表价值，价格会在价值的基准上，上下波动。

summarizes the points of agreement between the three parties, namely, that the goods or services provide physical or psychological satisfaction to the person in need, or that the costs of the organization are reduced and the benefits increased; that the value is a measure of the benefits, or a consensus; that the price is a reflection of the value, but the price does not necessarily represent the value, and that the price fluctuates over and above the value benchmark.

　　五、共识、契约与制度的内在逻辑

V, Consensus, Compact and Systemic Inherited Logic

　　共识是契约的基础，没有共识肯定达不成契约。契约有三个要素分别是：主体、效用和边界。

The consensus is the basis of the contract, and no consensus is certain that the contract will not be reached. The three elements of the contract are: subject matter, utility and boundaries.

　　契约是参与经济活动的主体（至少有两个，也许是三个，多个……）在经济活动的过程中对于某个产品、商品、服务或者某个规则的效用和边界（包括价格，价值，时间范围）达成的一致共识，这称为契约。

The is referred to as the contract.

　　制度是什么？我认为，制度是一系列契约的集合体。

What is the "font" system? I think the system is the confluence of a series of contracts.

　　综上，共识是契约的基础，契约是制度的基础，因而共识也是制度的基础。

In summary, consensus is the basis of the compact, which is the foundation of the system and hence of the system.

　　为什么要扯上制度呢？因为制度会影响价格。例如中央出台一个政策，可能某个商品的价格就会变化。

Why bring the system into play? Because it affects prices. For example, if a central policy is in place, the price of a commodity may change.

　　关于制度为什么会影响价格，相关具体的理论论证大家可以看《制度经济学》，里面有详细讲解制度是如何影响价格的。

　　六、当前区块链产业存在的问题与对策

VI. Problems and responses in the current block chain industry

　　1

　　当前绝大多数公链缺少基本共识变迁之共识。

There is a lack of basic consensus change in most public chains.

　　例如比特币也是个区块链，成立时有个共识，但是十年后怎么改规则来应对变迁的现实这一共识没有达成。所以特别是我们做公链的人一定要在最开始就要制定好将来形势变更情况下的明文规定，这样才能永远充满活力。

　　2

　　跨链技术有待继续发展。

cross-chain technology needs to continue to develop.

　　目前，现在存在很多链，这是好现象，但是，链与链之间实际上形成了数据孤岛，这种情况对于将来的发展是不利的，2018最迫切的就是要解决链与链之间的跨链通信问题，把孤立的链变成链网。

now, there are many chains, which is a good thing, but there is actually a data silo between the chains, which is not good for future development, and the most urgent thing is to solve the problem of cross-chain communication between the chains and the chains and turn the isolated chains into chains.

　　3

　　当前的监管政策不协调。

Current regulatory policy is uncoordinated.

　　各个经济主体的监管政策不协调，各个国家政策间有差异。

The regulatory policies of the various economic actors are not harmonized, and there are differences between national policies.

　　另外，国内问题在于目前骗子太多，需要严厉打击，我前一段时间就提出“三个一”的观点：

　　第一个“一”是打击一批或取缔一批，打击传销组织等骗子，目前已经在进行中；

The first “one” of is the fight against one or more groups of liars, such as distribution organizations, and is already in progress;

　　第二个”一“是规范一批，也在进行当中，只不过没有公开，我们可能感觉不到；

the second one's “normative and ongoing, but not public, we may not feel;

　　第三个”一”试点一批，这种现象基本已经明朗。

Third One pilot group, a phenomenon that is largely clear.

　　为什么区块链试点极有可能在海南开展？

Why is it most likely that the block chain pilot will take place in Hainan?

　　第一个原因是，国家已经对外做了把海南更加开放的承诺；

The first reason for is that the country has made a commitment to open the sea to the outside world;

　　第二，海南是个省级单位，有足够权限可以做出一些好的成果以便对外推广；

Second, Hainan is a provincial unit with sufficient authority to produce good results for outreach;

　　第三，海南是个岛，如果出了问题可以及时控制。

Third, Hainan is an island that can be controlled in a timely manner if a problem arises.

　　关于区块链的应用我还要强调一点，区块链不是“神”也不是“魔”，不能什么都把区块链加上去，如果要把区块链和实业相结合，最重要的是思考实业背后的商业逻辑，即业务是否存在问题，如果存在问题的话，痛点在哪？用了区块链之后，业务是不是优化了？效率是不是提高了？成本是不是降低了？如果是，那OK，用，如果不是，那就不必要去凑热闹！

I would also like to stress the fact that the block chain is not a god or a demon, and that if you want to combine the block chain with the business, it's important to think about the business logic behind the business, that is, if there's a business problem, and if there's a business problem, where's the pain point?

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