作者：OKEx分析师秀秀
Author: OKEx Analyst Show
目录：
一、传统溯源领域发展概述
I. Overview of developments in the area of traditional traceability
1.1 概念介绍
1.1 Concept presentation
1.2 溯源对象
1.2 Retroactive objects
1.3 溯源的优势和痛点
1.3 Strengths and pains of traceability
二、区块链与溯源结合的必要性
2.1 区块链的亮点
2.1 Highlights of block chains
2.2 区块链对溯源中存证环节的赋能点
2.2 Enabling points of the block chain for the chain of authentication in the trace
三、区块链结合溯源的主要应用方向
3.1 有形商品溯源
3.1 Physical commodity traceability
3.2 数字商品溯源
3.2 Digital commodity traceability
四、挑战与展望
IV. Challenges and prospects
4.1 挑战
4.1 Challenges
4.2 展望
4.2 Outlook
结语
一、传统溯源领域发展概述
1.1 概念介绍
i. Overview of developments in the area of traditional traceability
> strong > 1.1 concept introduction
溯源，指追踪记录有形商品或数字商品的流转链条，通过对每一次流转的存证，实现全流程的信息采集记录。 通常是指物品或者信息在生产、流通及销售的过程中，利用各种采集和留存方式，获得物品或者信息的关键数据，如流通和传输的起点、节点、终点、数据类别、数据详情、数据采集人、数据采集时间，并通过一定的方式，把数据按照一定的格式和方式进行存储。 通过追踪记录有形商品或无形信息的流转链条，实现追根溯源防伪鉴证。
1.2 溯源对象
1.2 Retrospective Object
溯源对象主要是有形商品和数字商品。
The main objects of traceability were
1.2.1 有形商品
有形商品指一切有实体的商品，包括食用农产品、食品、药品、农业生产资料、特种设备、危险品和稀土产品等。
流程经过生产、包装、仓储、运输、经销过程，重要信息包括原料来源追溯、生产过程、加工环节、仓储信息、检验批次、物流周转到第三方质检、海关出入境等内容。目前在供应链中已有的溯源模式包括条形码、RFID射频识别技术、扫描二维码等，各种溯源方式中一般采用中心化模式对数据进行统一管理。
Processes are produced, packaged, stored, transported, marketed through the production, packaging, production, processing, storage information, testing batches, logistics turnaround to third-party quality checks, customs exits and exits, among other things, important information. The existing traceability models in the supply chain include bar codes, RFID radio frequency identification techniques, scanning two-dimensional codes, etc., and data are generally managed centrally in a variety of traceability methods.
从来源到消费者的可追溯产品的概念已经有几十年的历史，我们经常从报纸上看到，某某公司召回某批有问题的汽车，就是应用可追溯系统。所购买的手机或者电视机，都标有独特的系列数字，使得生产商和政府部]能够识别和确认其位置。
The concept of traceable products from the source to the consumer has been in place for decades, and we often see in the newspapers that a company calls back a group of problematic cars by applying a retroactive system. The phones or televisions purchased have a unique series of numbers that enable producers and government departments to identify and confirm their location.
进行商品的跟踪与追溯的每一个环节，不仅要将本环节的信息进行标记，还要采集前面环节的已有信息，并将全部信息标识在产品标签上，以备下一个环节的使用。因此商品的可追溯是一个多层次的活动，需政府部门组织，许多部门参与，包括质量部门、物流、IT部门、营销部门等。只有在生产、包装、储存、运输等各个环节建立无缝的联接并进行有效的管理才能实现。
Each link in the tracking and traceability of goods involves not only marking the information at this point, but also collecting the information already available at the preceding stage and labelling the entire information on the product label for use at the next stage. Thus, the traceability of commodities is a multi-layered activity that requires the involvement of many sectors, including the quality sector, logistics, IT sector, marketing sector, and so on.
我国在 2015 年出台了《国务院办公厅关于加快推进重要产品追溯体系建设的意见》，对重点商品提出了追溯要求。主要目标为：
In 2015, we introduced the Opinion of the State Department's Office on accelerating the development of the retroactive system for important products , with retroactive requirements for priority commodities. The main objectives are:
到2020年，追溯体系建设的规划标准体系得到完善，法规制度进一步健全； 全国追溯数据统一共享交换机制基本形成，初步实现有关部门、地区和企业追溯信息互通共享； 重要产品生产经营企业追溯意识显著增强，采用信息技术建设追溯体系的企业比例大幅提高； 社会公众对追溯产品的认知度和接受度逐步提升，追溯体系建设市场环境明显改善。
1.2.2 数字商品
数字商品是指可经过数字化并通过数字网络传输的产品。
依据数字产品的用途的性质，将数字产品分为内容性产品、数字凭证、数字过程和服务等三种类型。内容性产品指表达一定内容的数字产品，主要有新闻、书刊、电影、音乐、图像等表达形式。数字凭证指代表某种契约的数字产品，如数字门票、数字票据、数字化预定等。数字过程和服务主要指数字化的交互行为，如远程教育、网络游戏、交互式娱乐等。在这一领域的溯源主要是针对内容性产品的知识产权确权和数字凭证两个方面。
Digital products are classified into three types: content products, digital vouchers, digital processes and services, depending on the nature of their use. Content-based products are digital products that express content, mainly in the form of news, books, films, music, images, etc. Digital documents are digital products that represent a contract, such as digital entrance tickets, digital paper, digitalization reservations, etc. Digital processes and services refer mainly to digital interactions, such as distance education, network games, interactive entertainment, etc. Retroactivity in this area is mainly related to intellectual property rights and digital documents for content-based products.
随着知识经济的兴起，知识产权已成为市场竞争力的核心要素，而现阶段版权保护上存在作品版权难追溯，侵权行为难判断、利益归属难界定，原创作者权益难保障、维权成本高、举证困难的三大痛点。我们看到文化产业成了侵权盗版的重灾区，网络小说、游戏、音乐、视频、图片等拥有知识产权的作品资源在没有授权的情况下被大量免费传播已成为一种现象，出版业、互联网创作、IP 衍生品行业都在侵权盗版的侵害下遭受重大损失。
With the emergence of a knowledge-based economy, intellectual property has become a central element of market competitiveness, and copyright protection at this stage is difficult to trace, infringement is difficult to judge, attribution of interests is difficult to define, the rights of original creators are difficult to secure, the costs of defending rights are high, and evidentiary difficulties are difficult. We see that the cultural industry has become a critical area of piracy, and that vast amounts of intellectual property resources, such as novels, games, music, videos, pictures, etc., have been distributed free of charge without authorization, with publishing, Internet creation, and IP derivatives suffering major losses from piracy.
好作品的产生需要作者投入大量的时间精力创作，没有良性的互动和合理的回报，将伤害创作者的创作激情。这种乱象也会提高运营机构的操作成本，让相关的创作者和机构损失巨大，阻碍着相关领域内有序市场的形成。维护数字商品知识产权已成为刻不容缓的社会市场需求。
The creation of good works requires a great deal of time and effort on the part of authors, and the absence of good interaction and reasonable rewards will harm the creative passion of the creators. It will also increase the operational costs of operating institutions, causing huge losses to the creators and institutions involved, and hindering the formation of orderly markets in the relevant areas.
溯源过程，图片来源于OKEx投研
It's a retrospective process. It's from OKEx.
2019年4月，欧盟知识产权局发布《仿冒和盗版商品贸易趋势研究》报告。报告采用GTRIC方法，对全球假冒和盗版产品贸易的价值、范围和规模进行了最新的定量分析。发现，2016年假冒和盗版产品的国际贸易总额高达5090亿美元。这一数额不包括国内生产和消费的假冒和盗版产品，以及通过互联网分发的盗版数字产品，占到世界贸易的3.3％，而2013年估计占世界贸易的2.5％。
In April 2019, the EU Intellectual Property Office released a study on trends in trade in counterfeit and pirate goods. Using the GTRIC methodology, the report provided an updated quantitative analysis of the value, scope and scale of global trade in counterfeit and pirate products. It found that international trade in counterfeit and pirated products amounted to $50.9 billion in 2016. This amount did not include domestic production and consumption of counterfeit and pirated products, and pirated digital products distributed via the Internet, accounting for 3.3 per cent of world trade, compared with an estimated 2.5 per cent of world trade in 2013.
报告还指出，在越来越多的行业中发现了假冒产品，包括但不限于普通消费品（如鞋类、化妆品、玩具）、企业产品（如备件或化学品）、IT产品（电话、电池）和奢侈品（时装或名牌手表）。令人无法忽视的是，隐形眼镜、药品、婴儿配方奶粉等类型的假冒产品不断通过多种渠道进入市场，这对消费者健康和安全造成了极大的危害。
The report also notes that counterfeit products have been found in an increasing number of industries, including but not limited to common consumer goods (e.g. footwear, cosmetics, toys), business products (e.g. spare parts or chemicals), IT products (phones, batteries) and luxury goods (fashion or branded watches). It is not negligible that counterfeit products such as contact lenses, medicines, infant formulae, etc. are constantly entering the market through multiple channels, which poses a great danger to consumer health and safety.
我们看到，伴随全球经济贸易的发展，仿冒和盗版商品交易产生的负面影响日益突出。对企业利益、经济环境、公共健康等方面均造成了不同程度的损害，甚至还衍生出了有组织刑事犯罪问题。有形商品安全关系到经济建设和社会稳定，其中食品安全更是关系到每个人的健康和幸福。而无形商品的产权归属和信息来源关系到人们的财产经济问题，也牵涉到社会的信任和监管运营问题。
We have seen the negative effects of counterfeiting and pirated commodity transactions that accompany the growth of global economic trade. Different degrees of damage to business interests, the economic environment, public health, etc., and even organized criminal problems.
因此追本溯源，寻找到信息真正的根源是解决当下这些问题的一个有效措施。
1.3 溯源的优势和痛点
1.3 Retroactivity advantages and pain points
1.3.1 溯源的优势
溯源是一个信息化的过程，这个过程有利于企业提升自身管理、赢得消费者信任以及监管问责透明。
is an informative process that enables businesses to enhance their own management, win consumer trust and be transparent about regulatory accountability.
企业角度：
（1）在企业生产管理上，溯源可以追溯到全流程行为和数据，可以实现企业旗下商品的生产、流转、销售全程数字化。通过溯源进行过程监控，根据溯源数据加强薄弱环节的监管，可以不断优化生产流程，标准化生产规范，提高产品品质和产量。
(1) In the management of an enterprise’s production, it can be traced back to process behaviour and data, enabling the production, circulation and sale of goods under the enterprise’s flag to be digitized.
（2）在安全问题责任追究上，产品质量出问题后可以通过溯源快速找到问题环节和责任人，以此提升各个环节的安全度。此外，还可以帮助企业精准、快速召回出问题的产品，而不必因为个别批次、渠道的产品出问题就召回全部产品。
(2) In terms of security accountability, the quality of the product can be improved by the quick and retroactive identification of the problem and the person responsible.
（3）在企业外部品牌维护上，通过溯源系统向用户展现产品的真实产业链流转行为和数据，满足用户的知情权。实现产品安全消费，达到溯源溯真目标，提升用户的信任度和企业的品牌信誉度。进而打击假货，提高产品附加值和市场竞争力。
(3) In the maintenance of the external brand of an enterprise, the user’s right to know is satisfied by displaying the true industrial chain behaviour and data of the product to the user through a system of traceability. The objective is to achieve the safe consumption of the product with retroactive objectives, enhancing the confidence of the user and the reputation of the enterprise’s brand.
消费者角度：
Consumer perspective:
消费者对企业商品的质量和真伪有着广泛的需求，通过溯源，消费者对企业商品可以方便的进行追溯和防伪查验，对产品的生命周期信息做到全面的了解，消费更透明。同时当消费者遇到假劣商品时可以利用溯源存证的功能，更高效的维护个人权益。
Consumers have a wide demand for the quality and authenticity of business goods, which can be easily retrospectively and fraudulently tested by consumers, with a comprehensive understanding of product life-cycle information and greater transparency in consumption. At the same time, consumers can use the function of traceability to defend their personal interests more efficiently when they encounter counterfeit goods.
社会风险控制角度：
Social risk control angle:
通过溯源系统，企业向社会公开自己的生产、包装、仓储、运输、经销流程，并且提供可查询的数据，接受社会监督。当产品发生问题时，社会、政府、执法机构可以通过溯源系统追溯产业链各环节数据，定位问题发生的环节和责任方，同时产业链参与方也可以通过溯源数据自证清白。通过溯源系统可以查找到产品发生问题的环节，同时可以跟踪从出问题环节流转出去的产品去向，及时追踪产品进行召回等行为，避免事故进一步扩大。
Through the retroactive system, enterprises disclose to society their production, packaging, warehousing, transport, distribution processes, and provide searchable data and social supervision. When a product is in trouble, society, government, and law enforcement agencies can trace data on the various links in the industrial chain through the retroactive system, identifying the link and the party responsible for the problem, and also identifying the link where the product is in trouble through the retrospective system.
1.3.2 传统溯源的痛点
传统溯源需要经过信息采集和存证两大过程，它们各有对应的痛点。
Traditional traceability requires two main processes, information gathering and documentation, each of which has its own corresponding pain points.
信息采集过程：
Information-gathering process:
（1）受限于现阶段的信息识别技术水平，目前只能收集到商品流转过程中的一部分数据，有待物联网和人工智能发展提升信息采集设备的智能度。 （2）要设计和采用标准化的可追溯系统，需要投入比较大的资金。
存证过程：
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（1）中心化，技术上信息数据造假容易（内部作恶和外部入侵）
(1) Centralized, technical information data counterfeiting (internal malfeasance and external intrusion)
目前在供应链中已有的溯源模式包括条形码、RFID射频识别技术、扫描二维码等，各种溯源方式中一般采用中心化模式对数据进行统一管理，导致数据容易被篡改。在中心化账本模式下，谁作为中心维护这个账本变成了问题的关键。无论是源头企业，还是渠道商保存，由于其自身都是流转链条上的利益相关方，当账本信息不利于其自身时，都很可能选择篡改账本或者谎称账本信息由于技术原因而灭失了。这样的例子在现实生活中屡见不鲜，摄像头总是在关键的时候没被打开。因此，利益相关方维护的中心化账本在溯源场景下是不可靠的。
Retroactivity patterns that exist in the supply chain include bar codes, RFID radio frequency recognition techniques, scanning two-dimensional codes, etc. The centralization of data in various forms of traceability, which makes data easily subject to manipulation. Under the centralization model, who maintains the account as the centre is the key to the problem.
（2）敏感信息数据的保密难题
(2) The challenge of confidentiality of sensitive information data
理想的溯源系统中需要记载全部的关键信息，比如商品主要原料的来源、技术指标和有关操作过程必须在标签上标明、产品流通的每一个环节和最终消费者等。但有些重要信息属于企业机密，比如在代理产品市场中，生产商知道了具体的分销商便有可能直接插手，让分销商辛辛苦苦开拓的市场被收回。而传统溯源数据可能会由于内部失误或外部攻击，导致敏感数据被泄露。
The ideal traceability system needs to document all key information, such as the origin of the commodity’s main raw materials, technical indicators, and the related operating processes, which must be labelled, every link in the product’s circulation, and the final consumer. But some important information is classified as business, for example, in a proxy market where producers know specific distributors, and where distributors struggle to exploit markets, they may be withdrawn.
（3）信息孤岛，难以共享
(3) Information Islands, difficult to share
商品供应链由众多参与主体构成，不同的主体之间存在大量的交互和协作，而整个供应链运行过程中产生的各类信息被离散的保存在各个环节各自的系统内，信息缺乏透明度，是一种信息孤岛模式。信息的不流畅导致各参与主体难以准确了解相关事项的实时状况及存在的问题，影响供应链协同效率。此外，关键数据和信息分散在不同的部门和系统中，也导致了整个行业标准体系的缺失。没有一个标准化的溯源数据记录体系,即使实现了商品数据互相共享，也无法融合、有效利用。
The commodity supply chain is composed of a large number of participating actors, and there is a great deal of interaction and collaboration between the different players, while the various types of information generated throughout the entire supply chain operation are stored separately within the respective systems, and the lack of transparency of information is an island-based model. The lack of flow of information makes it difficult for participating actors to accurately understand the real-time situation and problems and affects the efficiency of the supply chain. Moreover, the dispersion of key data and information across different sectors and systems also leads to the absence of an industry-wide standard system of data recording.
1.3.3 对溯源系统的要求
(1)溯源数据的采集，需要技术手段丰富、采集灵活、数据准确、效率高，对现有生产工艺改造代价小，成本低。
(1) The collection of retrospective data requires a wealth of technical means, flexibility, accuracy of data, efficiency, low cost and low cost of adaptation of existing production processes.
(2)数据存储的安全性，由于溯源涉及到数据共享、共同维护，所以数据的安全变得非常重要，需要严格的备份机制。
(2) The security of data storage becomes very important and requires a rigorous back-up mechanism, as retrospective sources involve data sharing and common maintenance.
(3)数据信息使用的安全性，溯源数据采集需要进行严格的权限控制，只有流程中必要的环节和授权角色可以上传数据，控制数据的录入、修改、删除权限，最好不提供修改、删除权限。
(3) The safety of the use of data information and the need for rigorous authority control over the collection of retrospective data, which can be uploaded only through the necessary links in the process and the authorized role, control data entry, modification, removal of permissions, and preferably not provide for modification or deletion of permissions.
(4)访问权限控制，溯源数据在产业链参与角色间进行共同维护、同时在产业链内外和面向社会、消费者进行分享，所以需要控制数据记录和呈现范围。
(4) Access rights control, where retrospective data are jointly maintained among industry chain players and shared both within and outside the industry chain and towards society and consumers, requires control over the recording and presentation of data.
二、区块链与溯源结合的必要性
2.1 区块链的亮点
区块链是一种利用块链状数据结构来验证与存储数据，利用分布式节点共识算法来生成和更新数据，利用密码学原理对数据进行加密，利用智能合约来操作的数据基础设施。 通过区块链技术构建的信任，可有效消除高昂的信任成本。其亮点主要有去中心化、非对称加密、智能合约、通证生态激励等。
The （1）分布式账本，去中心化 (1) Distributed books, decentralised 在区块链系统中，交易一经确认会即时向全网进行广播，每一个节点都将收到的交易信息同步记录在账本上，简化了信息更新的流程，从而降低机构的运营成本。同时，由于各节点拥有全量的账本数据，交易数据实现多节点背书，避免账本丢失的同时也避免了单一记账人被控制或者被贿赂而记假账的可能性，保证了账目数据的安全。此外，由于篡改交易数据的成本非常大，分布式数据存储不可篡改的特性也增强了数据可信度，从而也提高了平台的公信力。另外，区块链的每个节点都按照块链式结构存储完整的数据，通过“时间戳”技术和链式结构实现数据信息可追溯，每个事件和交易都有时间戳记，成为一条长链或永久性记录的一部分，因此可以对交易进行追溯。 In block chain systems, transactions are broadcast to the whole network on an instant basis upon confirmation, and each node of the transaction information received is synchronized on the ledger, simplifying the process of updating the information, thereby reducing the agency’s operating costs. At the same time, because of the full amount of accountbook data available at each node, transaction data achieves multi-point endorsements, avoiding loss of the book while also avoiding the possibility of a single account keeper being controlled or bribed to keep false accounts and ensuring the security of account data. In addition, because of the high cost of tampering with transaction data, the immaculate features of the distribution of （2）非对称加密，数据不可篡改 非对称加密指用一个密钥对来进行加密和解密。 加密和解密使用不同的密钥，通过公钥加密的信息，在网上即使被截获也无法解密，因为公钥加密后的信息不能再通过公钥解密，而必须使用私钥来解密，而私钥只有自己有，就可以保证信息的安全性。所以，这种非对称加密的方式可以对用户的身份信息进行加密处理，在保证信息安全的同时也能验证用户身份。此外，区块链上的数据无法被篡改，而且在区块链上的任何篡改都会留下密码学上的证据从而被快速发现。 （3）智能合约 (3) Smart Contract 智能合约是一种旨在以信息化方式传播、验证或执行合同的计算机协议 。基于这些可信的不可篡改的数据，能够采用完全自动化的流程，不需要任何人为参与，只要满足智能合约代码所列出的要求即可自动化的执行一些预先定义好的规则和条款，这些交易可追踪且不可逆转。优势是更高效率、降低成本、交易更准确，且无法更改，此外，智能合约去除任何第三方干扰，进一步增强了网络的去中心化。 Smart contracts are computer protocols designed to disseminate, validate, or execute contracts in an informative manner . On the basis of these credible and indeterminable data, fully automated processes can be implemented, without any involvement, and predefined rules and terms can be automated, as long as the requirements set out in the smart contract code are met, and these transactions are traceable and irreversible. The advantage is that they are more efficient, less costly, more accurate, and cannot be changed. （4）通证生态激励 (4) Translator Ecological Incentive 区块链的通证经济想要把本来免费的社会行为变成被金钱衍生品激励的市场行为，并想象这样可以精准量化，定向生产有价值的行为结果。 通证除了承担支付或价值贮藏的角色，还被设计为如股权、金融资产、奖励积分等更复杂、多元的功能。在去中心化的区块链世界里，激励机制是利益分配和使用的核心点，通过激励机制达成网络共识，从而使得区块链每个环节的参与者都能获得相应的回报，进而分工明确、积极的完成各项工作，让系统在很大程度上免受了各种威胁和攻击。这相当于参与者们共同维护了系统安全性，推动了系统的生态发展。 In a decentralised block-chained world, incentives are central to the distribution and use of benefits, and network consensus is reached through incentives that allow participants in each segment of the chain to obtain a corresponding return, thereby clearly dividing and actively accomplishing their tasks and keeping the system to a large extent free from threats and attacks. This is equivalent to the fact that participants together maintain system security and contribute to the ecological development of the system. 综上所述，区块链是一种多方维护、全量备份、信息安全的分布式记账技术。具有去中心化、不可篡改、全程留痕、可以追溯、集体维护、公开透明、等特点。这些特点保证了区块链的“诚实”与“透明”，为区块链创造信任奠定基础。而区块链丰富的应用场景，在于解决信息不透明、各环节参与者激励不足、系统整体运转效率低下等问题，实现多个主体之间的协作信任与一致行动。 In summary, the block chain is a multi-purpose maintenance, full backup, and information security distributed bookkeeping technology. It has decentralised, non-manufacturing, complete footprints, traceability, collective maintenance, transparency, etc. These features guarantee the “honest” and “transparent” character of the block chain and create the basis for trust in the block chain. 2.2 区块链对溯源中存证环节的赋能点 （1）信息追溯 (1) Message Retroactivity 验证过的信息添加至区块链将会被永久储存，单个节点将无法实现对数据的修改，所以区块链的数据稳定性更高，并具有不可篡改性和不可抵赖性。商品供应链流程中的相关信息，均可以存放于区块链上。配合物联网的普及与广泛的应用，现在商品的数据化和可记录可追溯化变得更加可行可靠。 The addition of validated information to the block chain will be permanently stored, individual nodes will not be able to modify the data, so that the block chain is more stable and indeterminable and irreproachable. Relevant information in the commodity supply chain process can be stored on the block chain. The widespread availability and widespread application of the interface makes the dataization and recordability of commodities now more viable and reliable. （2）信息共享 (2) Information-sharing 区块链技术具有分布式特点，每个节点都保存有链上完整的信息，它可以保证在信息安全透明的同时，更快的进行实时数据共享，降低信息共享的成本和负担。任何人都可以在公开的接口查询区块链的数据，在整个系统中分享和交换数据，因此区块链保持了系统信息的高度开放性和透明性。 Block chain technology has distributed features, and each node contains complete information on the chain, which ensures faster real-time data sharing while information is secure and transparent, and reduces the cost and burden of sharing information. Anyone can search for data on the block chain at open interfaces and share and exchange data across the system, thus maintaining a high degree of openness and transparency in the system's information. （3）提升执行效率 (3) Increased efficiency of implementation 智能合约的流程自动化，只需要把相关的条件和要求设定后，智能合约就可以自动执行。完全遵从预先设定的条件，更加客观、透明、可信，降低协作成本并降低差错率。 The process automation of smart contracts requires that the conditions and requirements are set and the smart contracts are automatically executed. Full compliance with predefined conditions is more objective, transparent and credible, reducing the cost of collaboration and reducing the error rate. （4）调动生态活力 利用通证激励机制，在链上进行公平的利益分配，规范成员行为规范。 Equitable distribution of benefits along the chain and regulation of the behaviour of members are used as a translator incentive. 图片来源于OKEx投研 Image from OKEx. 存证是整个产业区块链未来高速发展的重要基础，涉及数据的采集、保全和共享等流程，可在其基础上拓展延伸出溯源功能。区块链主要解决存证数据的真实性问题，为各产业企业间多方协作打下重要的信任基础。结合智能合约、身份认证和隐私保护，加密等技术，简化合作流程、提高协作效率、强化互信合作。 Documenting is an important basis for the future rapid development of the entire industrial block chain, involving processes such as data collection, preservation, and sharing, which can be expanded to extend the traceability function. The block chain primarily addresses the authenticity of documented data and provides an important basis for multi-stakeholder collaboration among industry enterprises. 溯源过程，图片来源于OKEx投研 It's a retrospective process. It's from OKEx. 3.1.1 电商领域 3.1.1 Electronics field 商品领域假货问题由来已久，电商领域假冒伪劣商品更是大行其道。究其根本，是经营者受利益驱使，消费者缺乏鉴别能力，以及商品购买流通过程缺少透明度等原因共同造成了这个局面。当前消费者对所购买商品的性质、产地、和质量等要求得到更详细的信息。 There is a long history of counterfeit goods in the area of commodities, especially in the case of electronics. This situation is caused by the interests of the operator, the lack of consumer identification and the lack of transparency in the flow of goods. Consumers are now required to provide more detailed information on the nature, origin, and quality of the goods purchased. 案例： Case: 京东可溯源商品已经覆盖包括美妆护肤、母婴、食品、生鲜、酒饮、家纺、医疗保健等全品类的上万款商品，这些商品均已上线到“智臻生活”小程序中。每一款商品都是通过京东区块链防伪追溯技术，按照统一的编码机制，为每件最小包装产品赋予唯一身份证，记录了针对每个商品从原材料采购到售后的全生命周期闭环中每个环节的重要数据。以生鲜为例，消费者比较关注其种植、养殖、生长、运输等各个环节是否安全，商家也期待给消费者更好的展示其商品品质，京东基于闭环可控的供应链运营体系，建立了完整的区块链技术体系和防伪追溯应用体系。如大闸蟹溯源中，从每只蟹的养殖、捕捞、加工再到物流运输环节，各种设备自动化采集的信息均被写入区块链链码，做到大闸蟹的来源可查、去向可追踪追，信息全程不可篡改。消费者可以通过点击订单详情页或者扫描商品包装上的二维码，进行追溯信息查询。 In accordance with a uniform coding mechanism, each commodity has been given a unique identity card for every minimum package, recording important data for each commodity from raw materials to the entire life cycle of a closed ring after sale. In the case of raw materials, consumers are more concerned about the safety of all links such as planting, raising, growing, transporting, etc., and are expected to demonstrate better the quality of their commodities, based on a closed ringable supply chain operating system, which establishes a complete system of block technology and a system of protection against forgery. For example, in the case of big rim crabs, important data are recorded for each commodity from the breeding, fishing, processing and re-routing of each commodity to the logistics link after sale. The information collected automatically by the equipment is incorporated into the chain code of the area, allowing the source of the big brillant crab to be traced, traceable to the source of the entire chain of the chain, and the information can be traced to the entire chain of the chain, and the details of the goods can be checked through the consumer's page. 3.1.2 农渔养殖产品领域 3.1.2 in the area of agro-fishing products
三、区块链结合溯源的主要应用方向
3.1 有形商品溯源
strong> III. The main application direction of the block chain in the context of traceability
strong > 3.1 Physical commodity traceability
传统农业、畜牧业中的产业链很长，从种植、养殖到消费环节过程繁杂，在每个交易场景下信息数据都是割裂无序的，缺乏有效直观可信的绿色溯源途径。区块链结合农产品、水产养殖和畜牧业，将分散的流程数据上链，提升产品安全可信度同时也能改善由于地理位置偏僻等因素导致商品滞销的现状。
Traditional agriculture and livestock have long industrial chains, complex processes from planting to farming to consumption, and information data are fragmented in each trading scene, lacking effective visual and credible green traceability. The chain combines agricultural products, aquaculture, and livestock, bringing decentralized process data into the chain, enhancing product safety and credibility while also improving commodity de-marketing due to factors such as geographical remoteness.
案例：
Case:
“天水链苹”是在天水市林业局的主导下，由纸贵科技提供区块链解决方案和技术支持，帮助天水秦安苹果打造的高科技加持的区块链苹果品牌。甘肃天水秦安镇是国内优质果品生产基地，苹果品质优良，是当地农民的主要收入来源。纸贵科技用硬科技区块链技术赋能，为苹果打造专属“身份证”，利用区块链技术，将苹果的产地、采摘时间、检测等环节的信息记录上链，实现从果园到餐桌信息的透明、可追溯。在帮助天水秦安镇苹果拓展销售渠道的同时，借助高科技的加持打造区块链苹果品牌，为科技兴农以及未来农产品的创新营销模式奠定基础。
Under the auspices of the Tin Shui City Forestry Department, high-tech chain solutions and technical support are provided by paper-priced technologies to help build high-tech chain apple brands built by An Apple in Tianhai. The town of Gansu Water Qin An is a high-quality fruit production base in the country, with excellent apple quality and a major source of income for local farmers. With hard-tech block chain technology, it creates a unique “identity card” for apples, using block-chain technology to record apple production, pick-up times, testing, etc., and to make the information from orchards to the table transparent and traceable.
3.1.3 医药保健品领域
3.1.3 in the field of pharmaceutical health products
通过区块链技术，可对医药药品在供应链上所有环节的关键细节和相关信息，包括药品的生产日期、价格、疗效、流通情况等进行查询，甚至追溯至原材料采购阶段。如药品运输过程中断或药品失踪，存储在区块链的数据可为各方提供快速追踪渠道，并确定药品的最后活动位置。此外，区块链网络上一旦发现存在安全隐患的药品，通过区块链记录的药品流通信息，找出问题环节，方便厂商和监管部门迅速介入，并在第一时间召回问题药品。同时为政府职能部门强化执法手段、加大市场监管力度提供依据。营造一个市场有序，商家省心，医生患者家属放心的医药保健品市场。
Through block chain technology, key details and relevant information on all links in the supply chain, including the date of manufacture, price, therapeutic efficacy, circulation of medicines, etc., can be checked and even traced back to the stage of purchasing raw materials. For example, when drugs are transported out of order or when they are missing, the data stored in the block chain can provide a fast track for the parties and determine the final location of the drug. Moreover, once a drug is found to be in danger, the chain network records the flow of drugs through the block chain, identifies problems, facilitates the rapid intervention of manufacturers and regulators, and calls back the drug at the first stage. At the same time, it provides the basis for the authorities to strengthen law enforcement and strengthen market regulation.
案例：
Case:
MIoT.AI是一家中国企业,成立于2018年5月。MloT. AI以物联网技术,通过MIoT. AI云医链连接医疗领域的各个环节包括医疗器械(医疗设备、穿戴设备)、诊断(体检设备、电子病历)、药品流通(药店ERP) 等，将数据的产、处理、存储和共享形成了有效的闭环，真正实现数据的真实性、不可篡改、确权和精准共享等，可为精准医疗、健康大数据、药品流通等提供的真实、可靠的数据来源及安全保证。
MIOT.AI is a Chinese enterprise established in May 2018. MloT. AI connects the various components of the medical field through MioT. AI's medical chain, including medical devices (medical equipment, wearing equipment), diagnostics (medical examination equipment, electronic medical records), drug circulation (pharmaceutical ERP), creating an effective closed circle for the production, processing, storage and sharing of data, real data authenticity, non-alterfeitability, validation and accurate sharing, which can provide real and reliable sources of data and security guarantees for accurate medical care, health data, the circulation of medicines, etc.
3.1.4 垃圾溯源领域
3.1.4 Waste traceability
一次性医疗器具目前已广泛应用于临床，而这些医疗废弃物处理牵扯到很多环节，从产生到集中处理周期长，要经历科室分类、打包、暂存、院内转运、集中贮存、院外转运、终端处置等环节。如同药品防伪溯源类似，医疗废弃物追踪解决方案是通过物联网、传感器、智能垃圾桶等设备，对医疗垃圾的产生、运输和处理过程溯源，并对参与者保持激励。
One-time medical devices are now widely used in clinical settings, and the treatment of these medical wastes involves a number of links, ranging from generation to a long centralized processing cycle, to the identification, packing, temporary storage, in-hospital trans-shipment, centralized storage, out-of-hospital trans-shipment, terminal disposal, etc. The solution for tracking medical waste is to trace the generation, transport and disposal of medical waste through equipment such as a network of objects, sensors, smart waste bins, etc., and to provide incentives to participants.
案例：
Case:
享链医疗废弃物追踪解决方案已经应用于福建省。国家卫健委在2019年开始了区块链试点项目，将享链用于医疗废弃物的数据采集、交接记录、医院内流转路线监控、医疗废弃物仓库库存监控等一系列管理措施。在这个案例中，会部署一系列节点，比如医院护工把医疗废弃物收集、扫码、封袋，运输过程中医疗废弃物称重、运输、交接，以及最后的销毁，都会通过APP将数据存下来，保证医疗废弃物从源头到末端的全过程监管。
In 2019, the National Health Board started a block-chain pilot project to use the chain for a range of management measures, such as data collection, transfer logs, in-hospital transfer routes, and inventory monitoring of medical waste stores. In this case, a number of nodes are deployed, such as the collection of medical waste by hospital attendants, scavenging, envelopes, weighting of medical waste during transport, transportation, handover, and eventual destruction, all of which will be stored through the APP to ensure that medical waste is monitored from the source to the end.
3.2 数字商品溯源
3.2 Digital commodity traceability
3.2.1 版权溯源
区块链在版权溯源方面的技术应用，可以让消费者在拿到商品的同时了解商品的整个创作出版流程，从源头到末端，从过程到细节的层层监控，让盗版侵权无所遁形。也为创作方和出版方维权提供确实证据，最大程度地降低维权过程中的取证成本。传统数字内容的版权保护路径，需要创作者向国家授时中心及其下属的服务机构申请版权认证服务，门槛较高。但在区块链版权中，创作者或机构都可以通过加入区块链网络,快捷地实现内容上链，记录版权。
The technical application of block chains to copyright traceability allows consumers to know the entire process of creating and publishing goods while acquiring them, from source to end, from process to detail, allowing piracy to take place. It also provides conclusive evidence for creators and publishers to defend their rights and minimizes the cost of obtaining evidence in the process. The copyright protection path for traditional digital content requires creators to apply for copyright certification services from the State Time Centre and its subordinate services, at a higher threshold. In block chains, however, creators or institutions can quickly access content chains and record copyright rights by joining a network of block chains.
案例1：
Case 1:
安妮股份公司提供基于区块链的版权存证服务(版权家)，已为百万作品提供了确权服务。版权区块链首先通过对内容的数字摘要的计算和数字指纹提取上链，保证了内容的完整性与原创性；其次使用国家认可的数字证书机构颁发的证书提供数字签名，结合国家授时中心可信时间实现数字作品的存在性证明，权属证明、授权证明和侵权证据固定，区块链系统参与者采用完全的实名数字身份认证机制，并结合可信时间服务保证了作品的权属与存在时间。版权区块链做到将用户的整个创作过程完整记录，从而发挥区块链技术在确权、授权与维权过程中的海量、快速、即时特性，连步实现“创作即确权、使用即授权、发现即维权”。
The copyright chain first secures the integrity and originality of the content through the calculation of digital summaries of content and the extraction of digital fingerprints; secondly, the certificate issued by the State-endorsed Digital Certificate Agency provides digital signatures, the proof of the existence of digital works in conjunction with the credible time at the time of the award by the State Centre, the proof of tenure, proof of authorization and evidence of tort, the establishment of a complete digital identification mechanism for the participants in the block chain system, and the guarantee of ownership and duration of the work in conjunction with a credible time service.
案例2:
Case 2:
支付宝在2019年11月8日宣布，推出基于区块链技术的面向天猫双11商家的“盗图维权”工具——鹊凿，提供图片确权存证、侵权取证和证据核验等一站式线上自助服务，证据符合司法认定标准。利用区块链技术保护消费者的同时加强对淘宝商家的权益保护。
On November 8, 2019, the payment treasures announced the introduction of a “drawn-up defence” tool for 11 sellers of Skycats, based on block chain technology, which provides self-help on a one-stop line, such as photo confirmation, tort evidence and evidence verification. The evidence meets the criteria for judicial identification.
3.2.2 数字凭证
3.2 digital voucher
区块链在数字凭证中的应用具有全流程完整追溯、信息不可篡改等特性，能够有效规避假数字凭证，完善数字凭证监管流程。采用区块链电子发票，经营者可以在区块链上实现发票申领、开具、查验、入账；消费者可以实现链上储存、流转、报销；而对于税务监管方、管理方的税务局而言，则可以达到全流程监管的科技创新，实现无纸化智能税务管理。
The application of block chains in digital vouchers has the characteristics of complete process retrace, information cannot be tampered with, etc., to effectively circumvent false digital vouchers and improve the process of monitoring digital documents. Using block chain electronic invoicing, operators can obtain invoice requests, issue, check, and record on block chains; consumers can store, transfer and reimburse on the chain; and, for tax regulators and tax administrations, they can achieve process-wide regulation of scientific and technological innovations and paperless smart tax management.
案例：
Case:
早在2018年，深圳市已开展区块链电子发票的试点推广，由腾讯金融科技提供了区块链技术支持，目前已被广泛应用于金融保险、零售商超、酒店餐饮、互联网服务等上百个行业，累计注册1.5万户企业，开票超过1600万张。近日，针对当前非接触服务需求，深圳市税务局又联手腾讯区块链、微信支付上线区块链电子发票极速版，30分钟快速注册开通区块链电子发票功能，企业工商注册登记时就直接赋予区块链电子发票使用资格，实现“开业即开票”。区块链电子发票连接每一个发票干系人，可以追溯发票的来源、真伪和入账等信息，解决发票流转过程中一票多报、虚报虚抵、真假难验等难题。此外，还具有降低成本、简化流程、保障数据安全和隐私的优势。
As early as 2018, Shenzhen City launched a pilot roll-out of block-link electronic invoices, with technical block-link support provided by Tetsu Finance Technology, which is now widely applied to hundreds of businesses such as financial insurance, retailer super, hotel catering, Internet services, with a cumulative register of more than 15,000 businesses and more than 16 million tickets opened. In recent days, in response to the current demand for non-contact services, Shenzhen City's tax authorities have joined forces to tap the block-link chain, micro-mail payment of high-line block-link electronic invoices, 30-minute fast-register open block-links, and business registrations directly qualify the block-link electronic invoice for “open-in-the-box” use.
四、挑战与展望 4.1 挑战
IV. Challenges and prospects > 4.1 Challenge
4.1.1 区块链无法保证链下数据的真实性问题
区块链可以从技术上确保链上的信任问题，但是无法保证链下数据的真实性和准确性，即，如果你输入的数据是假的，区块链依然会“保护”它。区块链溯源需要跨越两大障碍：一是生产源头作假与掉包问题，区块链只能提供信息化的技术，并不能解决造假和掉包的问题;二是数据来源可靠性问题，即能保证上传数据不被篡改，但不能保数据本身不因人为因素导致数据不真实。区块链本身不具有辨别数据真假的能力，高质量链下数据是高质量区块链的前提，所以如何解决链下数据的真实性是关键所在。应用上，事前需要企业自检，以及监管部门和公益组织肩负抽检的责任，并由可信第三方确保链下数据的真实性。
Block chains can technically ensure trust in the chain, but they cannot guarantee the authenticity and accuracy of data under the chain, i.e., if the data you enter are false, the chain will “protect” it. The chain of blocks needs to be traced across two major barriers: first, the source of production is a question of forgery and subcontracting, and the chain can only provide information technology that does not solve the problem of forgery and subcontracting; second, the reliability of the source of data, that is, the assurance that uploading data will not be tampered with, but that the data itself will not be distorted by human factors. The chain itself does not have the ability to distinguish the true data from the true data, and the quality of the data under the chain is a prerequisite for a high-quality chain, so how to address the authenticity of data under the chain is key.
4.1.2 溯源行业数据标准建立不足
可追溯系统需要实现从一个单位到另一个单位追踪产品，以便所有涉及产品的单位能够有效地进行交流与数据传送。这就要求各单位数据必须进行识别和进行标准化，建立标准数据传送模型，建立一个国家级和国际级的可追溯系统。一方面，标准使得企业的兼容性更好，包括打通未来和其它系统的数据交换。另一方面，如果企业没有使用标准则会产生连带后果，比如有的采购系统会禁止进入。然而我们目前对追溯的政策研讨主要集中在基本体系建设方面，溯源行业标准建立不足。具体到区块链来说，现在针对区块链溯源的规定还不多，从市场化的角度来看，让做区块链溯源的企业建立标准是必要的。
Retroactivity systems need to be able to track products from one unit to another so that all units involved are able to communicate and transmit data effectively. This requires that data from each unit be identified and standardized, standard data transfer models established, and a national and international traceability system established. On the one hand, standards make enterprises more compatible, including data exchange with the future and other systems. On the other hand, failure to use standards can have the attendant consequences, such as a procurement system prohibiting access.
4.1.3 企业信息化覆盖程度不够，溯源体系难以打通完全闭环
4.1.3 Enterprise informatization coverage is inadequate and back-up systems are difficult to access complete shut-off
实体企业的信息化建设成本较高，导致产业链条上的智能硬件设备覆盖度层次不齐，难以打通完全闭环。生产企业或者供应商使用区块链溯源的成本的分摊问题，是一个不可逾越的障碍。在消费者没有认知的时候，通过区块链溯源体系变现具有一定难度，企业主顾虑的是投入成本使用溯源体系之后，能否达到很好的营收预期。此外，全链改造成本太高的情况下，企业主在这么多环节里都额外增加硬件、软件、人力、管理的投入也有难度，其推广可行性方案只能从关键环节和批次信息追溯开始。在这之后，商品在不同组织间流转时的数据对接也存在着很大阻力，溯源体系难以打通完全闭环。
In addition, with the high cost of full-chain re-engineering, it is difficult for business owners to add additional hardware, software, manpower, and management to so many links, and their extension feasibility options can only start from key links and batches. Since then, there has been considerable resistance to data entry at the time of movement between different organizations.
4.1.4 溯源数据量十分庞大，对基础链存储能力要求高
溯源信息描述了一个对象的历史运动轨迹和动态衍生过程以及对象之间相互作用和推进的关系,庞大的区块链数据集合包含着溯源数据的全部历史，包括数据的生命周期,例如被创建日期、被哪些用户使用过、存在多少副本等。随着时间的推移,这些数据越来越庞大,对象之间的关系变得越来越复杂,区块链溯源应用的迅速发展，会进一步扩大数据的规模和丰富性。因此如何有效地描述和存储海量的溯源信息使得用户可以简单高效地对其进行存取是非常重要的。目前区块链承载网络是有限的，所以最终能上链的数据也是有限的。
The retrospective information describes the historical trajectories and dynamic derivative processes of an object, as well as the interactions and advances between the object. The vast collection of block-chain data contains the entire history of trace data, including the life cycle of the data, such as the date they were created, the users used and the number of copies available. Over time, the data have become larger and the relationship between the object has become more complex, and the rapid development of block-link applications will further increase the size and abundance of the data. It is therefore important to describe and store effectively the retrospective information on sea volume so that users can easily and efficiently access it.
若想区块链全节点保存所有数据,涉及到海量的数据存储，因此对区块链单个节点的存储能力有很大的需求。分布式存储是解决海量数据存储问题的方案，但其目前还存在一定的瓶颈制约，没有真正落地投入应用。
If you want all data to be stored at the full node of the block chain, it involves large-volume data storage, so there is a great need for storage capacity at individual nodes of the block chain. Distributional storage is a solution to the problem of large-volume data storage, but there are some bottlenecks that are not actually available for application.
4.2 展望
4.2 Outlook
4.2.1 赋能整个社会的商品流转效率
构建和完善可追溯系统的应用体系能提高产品质量和安全性，进而建立消费者在各个渠道的购买信心。通过调查可追溯系统在产品流通过程中的发展现状，分析细化供应链各环节的可追溯流程，进而促进可追溯系统与产品供应链更好融合，赋能整个社会的商品流转效率，也成为推动商业发展的关键因素。
The construction and refinement of application systems for traceability enhances product quality and safety, thereby building consumer confidence in purchasing through all channels. By investigating the current state of development of traceability systems in product flows, analysing the traceability of supply chain links, and thus promoting better integration of traceability systems with product supply chains, and enabling the efficiency of commodity flows for society as a whole, it is also a key factor in promoting business development.
4.2.2 形成新的用户消费模式
4.2 Develop new consumer consumption patterns
溯源体系融合互联网信息化、区块链技术、大数据与云平台、现代供应链体系的跨越发展，为其提供了现实途径，溯源体系的建立可以减少质量安全的不确定风险和消费者的购买风险，将促成新的用户消费模式建立。此外，传统溯源模式中，各环节参与者是相互分割的不相连的个体，但使用区块链进行溯源后，借助区块链的token经济模式，可以衍生出基于token的新商业生态。
A system of traceability integrates Internet informatization, block chain technology, large data and cloud platforms, and modern supply chain systems, providing them with a realistic way to create a system that reduces uncertainty about quality safety and consumer purchasing risks, leading to the creation of new consumer consumption patterns. Moreover, in the traditional traceability model, the participants in each of the links are isolated individuals, but the use of the block chain can be traced back to the Token economic model, which is based on the token-based new commercial ecology.
结语
将全程溯源体系、动态追踪监控系统结合区块链技术，利用链上数据分布式存储，不可复制篡改的特性，平台可为企业构建从原料到终端消费者的商品全生命周期追溯系统。实时录入商品生产过程中各个环节的详细信息，实现来源可控；对商品流向进行全程追踪，掌握商品流通细节，定向召回问题产品，实现去向可追。在彻底预防和杜绝商品安全隐患，从源头开始层层把关地根除假冒伪劣产品的同时，为后期消费者追溯提供数据依据，增强企业的信誉度和消费者的购买信心。我们看到，区块链溯源的应用已经开始进入到了人们的生活中，“从无到有”已经实现，接下来的目标则是向“由有向好”发展。
By combining the whole chain of tracers, dynamic tracking and monitoring systems with block-chain technology, using data distribution on the chain to be stored in a non-recordable way, the platform can build a whole life-cycle traceability system for commodities from raw materials to end consumers. Detailed information on all segments of commodity production can be recorded in real time so that the source can be controlled; the flow of commodities can be tracked through the whole process; the details of commodity flows can be tracked; the products can be called back; and the risk of commodity security can be completely prevented and eliminated from the point of view of counterfeit products can be eliminated from the point of origin, while the data base can be provided retroactively to later consumers, enhancing the credibility of the enterprise and consumer buy confidence. We see that the application of block-chain traceability has begun into people's lives, “never has been achieved”, followed by the goal of “good for all” development.
溯源作为区块链技术运用的一个重要方向，未来可期。
参考资料：
References:
OECD&EUIPO：《仿冒和盗版商品贸易趋势研究》
OECD&EUIPO: Study on Trends in Trade in Counterfeiting and Piracyd Commodities
国信证券研究：区块链多元化应用场景进入落地期
Hinbo Securities Study: Fragmentation of blocks chain applications into the landing period
中国信通院：2018区块链溯源应用白皮书
China Institute of Information and Communications Technology: White paper on the application of block chain traceability in 2018
鲸准研究院&纸贵科技：2018区块链在溯源领域发展形式分析与预测
IWVA & Paper Precious Technologies: Evolution Analysis and Prediction of the 2018 Block Chain in the Area of Retroactivity
溯源链白皮书
White paper on the traceability chain
可追溯体系在食品中的应用
Application of retroactive systems in food
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