2021年，企业界、风投机构、学术圈、社会面涌现了一股元宇宙的热潮。2021年10月，国际社交媒体大鳄Facebook公司宣布将公司名称更名为“Meta”。2021年元宇宙概念如此火爆，以致被人们称为“元宇宙元年”。本文主要从军事角度，探讨元宇宙在探索新的作战理论和作战方式上的可能作用和应用。
2021, business, wind investment institutions, academic circles, and society came up with a hot tide of a dollar universe. In October 2021, the International Social Media Alligator Facebook announced changing the name of the company to “Meta”. The 2021 meta-cosm concept was so hot that it became known as “Mega-Cosm Year.” This paper examines, primarily from a military perspective, the possible role and application of the meta-cosmos in exploring new operational theories and methods of warfare.
众所周知，战争实践、军事历史和军事理论研究以及作战模拟试验是产生作战理论和作战方式的三大途径。我军创立的游击战和运动战理论及其作战方式就是在长期的土地革命和抗日战争实践中总结出来的；克劳塞维茨的《战争论》、马汉的《海权论》提出的作战理论和作战方式则是通过大量的军事历史研究和军事理论研究得到的。随着信息网络技术、人工智能技术、虚拟现实技术的深化发展，许多国家，特别是发达国家正在积极推动和应用这些高新技术，并通过作战模拟试验的方法来探索新的作战理论和作战方式。
it is well known that war practice, military history and military theory studies and combat simulations are the three main ways of generating combat theories and methods of warfare. The guerrilla warfare and motion warfare theories and their methods of warfare, created by our forces, are summarized in long-term land revolutions and anti-Japanese war practices; the battle theory and methods of warfare proposed by Krausewits, Mahan's doctrine of maritime power are derived from extensive military history and military doctrine research. As information network technology, artificial intelligence technology, virtual reality technology, and the development of these advanced technologies, many countries, especially developed countries, are actively promoting and applying these high-tech technologies and exploring new methods of combat theory and warfare through the methods of combat simulations.
元宇宙是整合多种新技术而产生的新型的、虚实结合的互联网应用形态，充分展示了人类对未来社会的想象。无产阶级革命导师恩格斯曾说：“一旦技术上的进步可以用于军事目的并且已经用于军事目的，它们便立刻几乎是强制性地，往往是违反指挥官意志地引起作战方式的改变甚至变革。”因此，在元宇宙中推演战争、开启作战研究新思路应该也是探索未来战争理论和作战方式的有效途径。为了引领和应对未来战争可能发生的变化，一些嗅觉敏锐的国家开始尝试应用元宇宙及相关技术对作战理论和作战方式进行新的探索。元宇宙，正是创新作战理论和作战方式的未来试验场。
The meta-cosmos is a new and artificially integrated form of Internet application that integrates the new technologies that have emerged. Human imagination of the future society is amply illustrated. “When technological advances can be used for military purposes and have already been used for military purposes, they are immediately almost mandatory, often causing changes or even changes in the way of warfare against the will of the commander.” So, the introduction of war in the meta-cosm should also be an effective way to explore the theory of future warfare and the way of warfare. To lead and respond to possible changes in future warfare, some countries that are keen to smell the use of meta-cosm and related technologies to explore new ways of warfare. The meta-cosm is the future testing ground for innovative combat theories and methods of warfare .
元宇宙概述
Summary of the dollar universe
所谓元宇宙，是超越现实世界的一个崭新概念。最初是由美国著名科幻小说家尼尔·斯蒂芬森在其1992年版小说《雪崩》中提出来的。在小说中，尼尔·斯蒂芬森创造了元宇宙这个“虚拟实境”（又称“灵境”）概念。这是一个与现实世界平行的，同时又与现实社会高度关联的全息三维数字世界。
The so-called meta-cosmos is a new concept that transcends the real world. It was originally proposed by the famous American sci-fi novelist, Neil Stephenson, in his 1992 edition of The Avalanche. In the novel, Neil Stephenson created the “virtual reality” of the meta-cosm. It is a three-dimensional digital world that parallels the real world and is highly connected to the real society.
这个世界基于扩展现实和数字孪生技术实现时空拓展，基于人工智能和物联网技术实现人机虚实共生，基于Web3及区块链等技术实现身份认证确权，并将自身和现实世界的社交系统、经济系统密切融合，形成一个超越现实世界又联系现实世界的另类新的宇宙。
The world expands in time and space based on expanding reality and digital twin technologies, building on artificial intelligence and physical networking technologies to achieve artificial symbiotic symbiosis, achieving authentication rights based on technologies such as Web3 and block chains, and closely integrating social and economic systems of their own and the real world into a new universe that transcends and connects the real world.
可见，元宇宙是人们运用现代技术构建的现实世界与虚拟世界融合的空间。在这个空间，虚拟世界是主要构成，现实世界的人和物体以映射或分身的形式参与其中。在《雪崩》中，人们戴上耳机和目镜，找到链接终端，就能够以虚拟分身的方式进入由计算机模拟的、与真实世界平行的虚拟世界。
相应的支撑技术包括：区块链技术、物联网技术、网络及运算技术、人工智能技术、电子游戏技术、人机交互技术等。
substance technologies include: block chain technology, material networking technology, network and computing technology, artificial intelligence technology, video game technology, human interactive technology, etc. .
情景交互式体验为新作战理论的诞生奠定了基础
作战理论和作战方式的诞生源于人们的作战实践经验和研究战争的内心体验。元宇宙建构了虚拟环境、人、物和智能体，勾画了一个与现实世界平行的虚拟世界，具有沉浸性、交互性、想象性和虚拟性等特性。这正如新美国安全中心詹妮弗·麦卡德尔和凯特琳·多尔曼所说：“元宇宙是一系列互相关联的沉浸式虚拟世界，并通过媒介和渲染与用户互动。”在情景交互上，元宇宙改变了现实世界人员聚集以及信息交换的方式，具有自身独特的显著优势。
the birth of battle theory and modus operandi stems from people's experience of combat practice and the study of the inner experience of war. The meta-cosmos constructs a virtual world parallel to the real world, characterized by soaking, interactivity, imagination and virtuality. This is as the new American security center Jennifer McCader and Caterin Dolman say: “The meta-cosm is a series of interconnected virtual worlds that interact with users through media and rendering.” In the interaction of scenarios, the meta-cosmos alters the way in which people in the real world gather and exchange information, with their own distinctive advantages.
“元宇宙”是由美国著名科幻小说家尼尔?斯蒂芬森在其1992年版小说《雪崩》中提出来的
一是元宇宙的虚拟世界能很好地连接来自不同位置的人员，通过虚拟现实、增强现实和混合现实等技术，虚实空间中的人、物和智能体可以自由地交互、协作和共享；二是元宇宙能以高保真度模拟物理世界，使人们可以从中获得“真实世界”的更多信息；三是元宇宙能提供沉浸式的逼真体验。
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可见，元宇宙提供了沉浸式的交互场景，生动、形象、深刻地刻画了现在、过去和未来跨越时空的场景和过程，内嵌了反映未来的发展脉络和规律。人们在元宇宙中，身临其境，而跨越时空的交互方式提供了人们前所未有的感受，包括充分互联、永久保存、全息景象、高度沉浸等。这特别有利于人们深刻感受事物的变化、场景的变幻。其有效性和效率是在现实世界难以体验和得到的。
It is evident that the meta-cosmos provides a immersed interactive landscape that vividly, visualally depicts current, past, and future scenarios and processes that transcend time and space, embedded in the development pulses and patterns that reflect the future. People are present in the meta-cosmos, and the way they interact across time and space provides an unprecedented feeling, including full interconnectivity, permanent preservation, holoscope, high immersion. This is particularly beneficial for people to feel deeply about the changes in things, the changes in scenes and processes. Its effectiveness and efficiency are hard to experience and gain in the real world.
战争是最需要创新的领域。所谓“战胜不复，而应形于无穷”（见《孙子兵法?虚实篇》）就是这个道理。作战理论和作战方式永远在创新和变化之中。元宇宙中自由畅想的交互式场景环境为其中的参与者提供了无限创造的可能。战争中无法忽视的两个因素是不确定性和恐惧。因此在创新作战理论和作战方式的过程中，最需要人们深入其中、身临其境，进行体会和感受。恰好，元宇宙创造的虚拟空间提供了这两种体验。
War is the area most in need of innovation. This is the case with the so-called "successless, but infinity" (see Sun Tzu's Law? Fake). Battle theory and methods of warfare are always in innovation and change. A freely imagined interactive environment in the meta-cosmos offers the participants unlimited possibilities of creation. Two factors that cannot be ignored in war are uncertainty and fear.
在元宇宙中，为了将现实与虚拟相结合，为人们提供身临其境的逼真体验和具有吸引力的三维数字世界，在技术上，元宇宙应用了虚拟现实技术、增强现实技术及混合现实技术，通过多模态自然交互的虚实融合环境为体验者带来虚拟世界与现实世界之间无缝转换的“沉浸感”。其中，虚拟现实利用计算机模拟一个虚拟世界，使人们利用设备沉浸到该环境中，让人有种身临其境的感觉，强调用户与虚拟世界的实时交互，从而带来封闭式、沉浸式的虚拟世界体验。增强现实把原本在现实世界一定时空范围内很难体验到的实体信息（如视觉、听觉、味觉、触觉、嗅觉等信息），通过计算机等科学技术，模拟仿真后再叠加到现实世界而被人们所感知，从而达到超越现实的体验。现实的环境和虚拟的物体实时叠加到同一个画面或空间同时存在，从而实现了对现实世界的“增强”。混合现实将现实世界和虚拟世界混合在一起，产生的新的可视化环境，同时包含了现实物体与虚拟信息，并且是“实时的”，增强了用户体验的真实感。
目前，用户与虚拟现实、增强现实、混合现实交互的方式主要有眼控交互、自然语音交互、身体（手势）交互和脑机接口交互5种方式。通过虚拟现实、增强现实、混合现实等技术，元宇宙为人们提供了超越现实、面向未来的交互式场景思维，为探索和创新的作战理论和作战方式打下了基础。 For the time being, the user interacts with virtual reality, enhances reality, blends reality in five ways: eye control interaction, natural voice interaction, body (motion) interaction, and brain interfaces. Through virtual reality, enhancing reality, blending reality, etc., the meta-cosm provides people with an interactive landscape thinking that transcends reality and is oriented towards the future, laying the foundation for exploring and innovating battle theory and methods of warfare. 代入式想象催生新的作战理论 如何探索信息化时代、智能化时代战争的特点、规律和战法，占领未来战争的新的制高点，未雨绸缪，分析、预测，甚或设计未来战争样式、设计或者验证新的作战系统和武器系统成为迫切需求。 How to explore the characteristics, patterns and laws of warfare of the age of informatization, the age of intelligence, the new heights of occupation of future wars, the proactive preparation, analysis, prediction, or even the design of future patterns of warfare, the design or validation of new combat systems and weapons systems is an urgent need. 在军事上，在推动作战理论和作战方式创新方面，将先进的技术和创新性思维结合起来尤为重要。在元宇宙中，全息三维的虚拟世界与现实世界是一种映射关系，现实世界中的每一个主体，在虚拟世界中都有一个对应的角色。如此将使得人们能够透过元宇宙及其跨越时空的技术演示，拨开现实世界的“战争迷雾”，看清、看透、看准未来战争的制胜机理，从而使人们应对未来战争的思路和高度也将产生一个根本性的、颠覆性的变革，由此探索和创新作战理论和作战方式。 Militaryly, it is particularly important to combine advanced technological and innovative thinking in promoting battle theory and method of warfare innovation. In the meta-cosmos, the three-dimensional virtual world is a map of the real world, and every subject in the real world has a corresponding role in the virtual world. This will enable people to open up the “war fog” of the real world through the meta-cosm and its technological presentations across time and space, and to see, see, see, see, see, see, see, see the winning mechanisms of future wars, so that the thinking and height of future wars will also lead to a fundamental, subversive change that will explore and innovate the theory and method of warfare. 元宇宙能提供沉浸式的逼真体验 具体来说，一是通过元宇宙中虚实共生的作战活动，沉浸其中的人“悟”道出来的。即在虚拟实境（灵境）中，参与的人灵光乍现，悟道出来未来战争的理论。这实际上是现实中的人的思想在虚实共生的环境中产生了“涌现”性的认识。比如虚拟现实中的人悟道出未来多域智能战作战理论、未来无人平台渡海登陆作战理论等。 Specificly, one is the “awakening” of those who are immersed in the false symbiosis of the meta-cosmos. In virtual reality, the people who are involved have come to see the theory of future wars. This is actually the idea of the people in reality who have developed a “embracing” idea in a virtual symbiotic environment. People in virtual reality, for example, have learned the theory of future multi-area intelligent warfare, the theory of future unmanned landings, etc. . 二是总结元宇宙虚实共生的人-机互动经验、人-机-物和环境互动经验、虚实对抗经验，最后上升了到规律和理论层次，进而创造出新的作战理论。譬如在增强现实中，普通人变成“超人”、普通士兵变成“超级战士”，进入的人或智能系统/智能体通过学习和体验，最后总结出未来城市战场景和城市战作战理论。 ii is a summary of the virtual co-existence of the meta-cosmos — experience of human-mechanical interaction, experience of human-mechanical-material and environmental interaction, experience of virtual confrontation, which eventually rises to the level of regularity and theory, thus creating new combat theories. For example, in enhancing reality, ordinary people turn into “superhumans”, ordinary soldiers into “super warriors”, incoming people or intelligent systems/intellectual bodies learn and experience, and finally learn from the future urban battlefields and urban warfare theories. 三是通过虚拟现实和增强现实环境，设置具体的作战场景，有意识地增加、强化某一方面或某些方面，控制一些作战活动和过程，进而总结得到一些有效的作战方式。譬如超级电子战、超级认知作战等作战方式。 3 sets up a specific battle scene through virtual reality and enhanced reality, consciously increasing, reinforcing one or some aspects, controlling some of the operations and processes, and thus summarizing some of the effective methods of warfare. For example, super-electronic warfare, super-cognitive warfare, etc. 2014年，美国南加州大学海军研究办公室和创意技术研究所开发了一个BlueShark的项目。这是一个允许水手驾驶船只并在虚拟环境中协作的系统。另一个名为“复仇者计划”的项目则用于帮助训练美海军飞行员，教练飞行员如何管理飞机和执行任务。2021年，Improbable公司为英国兵棋推演创建了具有10000 多个单独控制角色的庞大虚拟战场，应用人工智能和虚拟现实等技术，以高保真度为各类虚拟和现实角色提供指挥控制设计、运作和参与的环境，探索面向未来的作战理论和作战样式。 In 2014, the Naval Research Office of the University of Southern California and the Institute of Creative Technology developed a BlueShark project, a system that allows sailors to drive ships and work together in virtual environments. Another project, the Avengers Project, was used to help train American Navy pilots and train pilots in aircraft management and missions. In 2021, Improbable created a vast virtual battlefield with more than 10,000 separate control roles for British chess, applying techniques such as artificial intelligence and virtual reality, to provide a high level of certainty for all types of virtual and real players in command and control design, operation and participation environments, and to explore future-oriented combat theories and operational styles. 可以想见，随着元宇宙及相关技术的发展，在未来的元宇宙虚拟世界，人类的思维就像时空穿梭机，搭载着人们自由地在过去、现在和未来之间穿梭，在“可能”和“不可能”的领地翱翔。在此，人们可以构造出庞大无比的虚拟战争空间，重塑战争环境，虚拟战争未来，研究战争空间，重新认知战争进程，进而创造出不可能的可能。 As the meta-cosm and related technology evolves, in the virtual world of the future meta-cosm, human thinking is like a time shuttle, carrying people free to travel between the past, the present, and the future, flying in the realms of "may" and "can't". Here, one can construct a vast virtual space of war, reshaping the environment of war, virtual future of war, studying the space of war, rediscovering the course of war, and creating the impossible. 虚实并行、人机共融验证新的作战理论 20世纪90年代以来，在陆地、海洋、空天、电磁、网络、心理、认知和社会维度上，战争呈现了许多新的特点。作战空间多元化、指挥控制信息化、武器装备智能化，战术思想和作战理论推陈出新，产生了空地一体战、不对称作战、网络中心战、分布式作战、多域战、马赛克战、联合全域作战等新的作战思想和战法。作战方式已经转向非线性、不对称、非接触和精确化，作战形式和内容不断变化。 Since the 1990s, war has taken on many new features on land, sea, air, electromagnetic, network, psychological, cognitive and social dimensions. The modus operandi has shifted to non-linear, asymmetric, non-contact and precision warfare, changing forms and content. 我国古代有墨子与公输班推演攻守战法的经典故事，现代则有沙盘作业、兵棋推演、平行仿真技术。随着元宇宙及相关技术的发展，战争和武器系统、作战理论和作战思想已完全可能在元宇宙中进行设计、验证，并对作战过程和结果进行推演和评估。可以设想，人们以虚拟分身或增强现实的方式进入由计算机模拟的、与真实世界平行的虚拟空间，进行作战模拟、兵棋推演，展开虚拟数字工程。以“进得去、出得来”的方式，验证各种新的作战理论和作战方式。 The ancient history of our ink and the public transport class are classic stories of war practice, chess, parallel simulation techniques. With the development of the meta-cosmos and related technology, war and weapons systems, battle theory and battle ideas are perfectly possible to design, verify and evaluate the course and results of warfare in the meta-cosm. It can be envisaged that people enter computer-based virtual spaces, parallel to the real world, in virtual space, in combat simulations, chess exercises, virtual digital engineering. 通过VR和AR环境，设置具体的作战场景 目前，美军已将元宇宙作为验证新的作战理论和作战方式的一种方式，嵌入到仿真试验、兵棋推演和军事演习验证中。2022年2月，美国天军技术与创新主管科斯塔在军用信息与电子协会天军信息技术会议上宣布，要利用数字技术创建美军专用的元宇宙，提升作战能力，就是应用元宇宙技术设计、验证美军作战理论和作战方式的新举措。 The U.S. Army has now embedded the meta-cosmos as a way to test new operational theories and methods of warfare in simulation tests, chess exercises and military exercises validation. In February 2022, the US Director of Space Technology and Innovation, Costa, announced at the Military Information and Electronics Association Sky Information Technology Conference that digital technology would be used to create a meta-cosmos dedicated to the U.S. military and enhance operational capabilities by applying meta-cosm technology to design, validate American combat theories and methods of warfare. 结 语 设计先行，智胜未来。元宇宙创造了与现实世界平行，又相互关联的无穷虚拟世界。随着现代元宇宙及相关技术的发展升级，应用元宇宙探索和创新作战理论和作战方式，是人类应对未来战争的一个有效途径。加强对元宇宙的关注是顺应历史发展的趋势，因为人类战争也许将进入一个虚实并行、智能较量的时代。 Designed ahead, wiser than future. The meta-cosm created an infinite virtual world parallel to the real world and interconnected with it. As the modern meta-cosmos and related technologies escalate, the application of meta-cosm exploration and innovative operational theories and methods of warfare is an effective way for mankind to cope with future wars. 版权声明：本文刊于2023年1期《军事文摘》杂志，作者：胡志强，如需转载请务必注明“转自《军事文摘》”。 Copyright statement : This issue of the Military Digest, 2023, is published in : Ho Chiqiang , , should it be necessary to reproduce it, please indicate “transmitted from the Military Digest” . 关注公众号了解更多 Focus on the public to learn more about 会员申请 请在公众号内回复“个人会员”或“单位会员 Please respond to “individual members” or “unit members
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