说起区块链的应用大家第一反应可能会想到比特币，比特币经常被称之为“全球账簿”，这个账簿记录的仅仅是一种货币——比特币的全部账单。
Speaking of the application of block chains, the first reaction may come from bitcoin, often referred to as the “global ledger”, which records only one currency — the entire bill of bitcoin.
但今天想要说的不是“比特币”而是“以太坊”一个任何人都可以上传和执行应用程序，并且程序的有效执行能得到保证的地方。这种保证依赖的正是以太坊系统中去中心化的，由全球成千上万的计算机组成的，鲁棒性极强的共识网络。
But what we are trying to say today is not “bitcoin” but “ Ethereum(以太坊)是一个平台和一种编程语言，使开发人员能够建立和发布下一代分布式应用。
Ethereum可以用来编程，分散，担保和交易任何事物：投票，域名，金融交易所，众筹，公司管理，
合同和大部分的协议，知识产权，还有得益于硬件集成的智能资产。 Etheeum (Etheria) is a platform and a programming language that enables developers to build and publish their next-generation distributed applications. Etheeum can be used for programming, spreading, securing and trading anything: voting, domain names, financial transactions, crowds, corporate management, contracts and most of the agreements, intellectual property rights, and smart assets benefiting from hardware integration. 简单地说，以太坊=区块链 + 智能合约。从平台的角度来讲，以太坊类似于苹果的应用商店;从技术角度来讲，以太坊类似于一个区块链操作系统。 To put it simply, the Taiwan = block chain + smart contract. From a platform point of view, Taicha is like an apple app store; from a technical point of view, Taicha is like a block chain operating system. ?以太坊的组成结构 以太坊中的智能合约是运行在虚拟机上的，也就是通常说的 EVM(Ethereum Virtual
Machine，以太坊虚拟机)。这是一个智能合约的沙盒，合约存储在以太坊的区块链上，并被编译为以太坊虚拟机字节码，通过虚拟机来运行智能合约。 Ether’s smart contracts are run on virtual machines, commonly known as EVM (Etherium Virtual Machine). This is a smart sandbox, stored on the Ether’s block chain, and compiled as a virtual machine to run smart contracts. 好像所有区块链技术那样，以太坊会使用在自己计算机上运行的节点，来保证安全性同时也维持信任。每个参与到以太坊协议中的节点都会在各自电脑上运行软件，这就被称为以太坊虚拟机(EVM)。 As with all block chain technology, the Taiwan uses nodes running on its own computer to ensure security while maintaining trust. Each node involved in the Ether Protocol runs software on its own computer, which is called the Etheraya Virtual Machine (EVM). 首先，以太坊虚拟机会通过防止DOS攻击，来确保安全性，这个攻击是数字货币领域的挑战。其次，以太坊虚拟机会编译以太坊程序语言，并且保证这之间的通信不会有任何的干扰。 First, it ensures security by preventing Dos attacks, which are a digital currency challenge. Second, it compiles in the language of the Taishu program and ensures that there is no interference with communications between them. 更详细地来看，以太坊虚拟机可以很容易就被理解，我们可以当作一个系统用来为以太坊智能合约创建运行环境。我们都知道，智能合约可以让世界各地的人们进行交互和交换价值，并且无需中心化的机构。并且毫无疑问，这个技术会在不远的未来，颠覆很多产业。 In more detail, it can easily be understood that we can be used as a system to create an operating environment for an Ethernos smart contract. We all know that smart contracts can allow people around the world to interact and exchange values without centralizing institutions. And there is no doubt that this technology will destabilize many industries in the near future. 以太坊区块链 vs 以太坊虚拟机 vs 智能合约 Ether Block Chain vs Ether Virtual Machine vs Smart Contract 以太坊区块链有三种转账方式： 首先，你可以将以太坊从一个转账转移到另一个。这些转账和比特币转账差不多。 There are three ways to transfer in the Taiwan block chain: first, you can transfer it from one to the other. These transfers are similar to bitcoin transfers. 其次，用户还可以不给特定对象转账。这类转账就是创建智能合约。 Second, the user can also refrain from transferring funds to a specific target. 最后，从外部账户转账到智能合约。每次账户想要执行智能合约，转账就会根据智能合约完成，而且相关的执行规则会记录在数据中，来指导这个合约如何运行。 Finally, transfers from an external account to an intelligent contract. Every time an account wants to execute a smart contract, the transfer is done in accordance with an intelligent contract, and the relevant enforcement rules are recorded in the data to guide how the contract works. 每次运行智能合约，都需要支付给以太坊虚拟机进行执行。这个费用是支付给特定的节点，它们是用来存储，计算，执行和验证智能合约。 Each time you run a smart contract, you have to pay for it to be executed by the Taiwan virtual machine. 每个智能合约的费用是基于每个状态成本来计算的。费用是通过燃料费用来支付的，然后会转换成以太坊。 The cost of each smart contract is based on the cost of each state. 转账过程中以太坊虚拟机会检测，发出者有足够的手续费用，不然转账就会退回。而且转账费用不会退回，这会支付给矿工。 The transfer process is tested by the Taiwan virtual opportunity, and the sender has sufficient transaction costs to return the transfer. Moreover, the transfer costs will not be refunded, which will be paid to the miners. 如果转账失败是因为接受者地址有问题，以太坊虚拟机会把发出的资金数量以及相关的手续费，退还给发出者(没有矿工收到费用)。 If the transfer fails because of problems with the recipient's address, the amount of funds sent and the related fees are returned to the sender (no miner receives the fees) on the basis of the Taiyeon virtual opportunity. 但是，有了以太坊虚拟机和智能合约，你可以通过简单地点击按键，就可以在全球进行交易，而且还无需任何中介，因此也避免了多余的费用 But with Ether's virtual machine and smart contracts, you can trade around the globe by simply clicking on the key, without the need for any intermediary, and therefore avoid extra costs. 在常规的互联网应用比如支付宝、微信中，用户数据和交易数据都存放在应用提供者的中心服务器上，通过IOE、MySQL集群等进行持久化的存储，当普通节点进行交易时，会向中心节点发出请求，中心节点进行各种增删改查的操作后，将结果返给用户节点。 In conventional Internet applications such as payment treasures, micromails, user data and transactional data are stored on the central server of the application provider, permanently stored through the IOE, MySQL clusters, etc. When ordinary nodes are traded, requests are sent to the central nodes, and the results are returned to the user nodes after various additions and deletions have been made. 在以太坊中并不存在中心服务器，取而代之的是多个通过p2p协议连接起来的平等节点，在众多节点中存储了所有的数据。当用户发起一笔交易，会通过p2p协议将交易广播出去，矿工节点对此进行验证、打包并进一步广播至全网，在区块链内确认后，此操作即认为是不可更改的。 There is no central server in Etheria, which is replaced by several equal nodes connected by the p2p protocol, where all data is stored in a number of nodes. When a user initiates a transaction, the transaction is broadcast through the p2p agreement, the miner nodes verify it, pack it and broadcast it all over the net, and this operation is considered unalterable after confirmation in the block chain. 以太坊兼具去中心化和分布式，或者说在一个分布式平台上运行了一个去中心化的程序。在单个节点中，数据是以区块链(BlockChain)的形式来存储的。区块链由一个个串在一起的块(Block)组成。以太坊大概每十几秒会生成一个新块，记录了这个段时间内的各种信息。 In a single node, the data are stored in the form of a block chain. The block chain is made up of a block that is bound together. A new block is created about every ten seconds to record the information over a period of time. 以太坊被描述为为一个交易驱动的状态机，它在某个状态下接受一些输入后，会确定的转移到一个新的状态。具体来说，在一个以太坊的状态下，每个账户上有确定的余额和存储信息，当接收到一组交易，被影响账户上的余额和存储信息会发生变动。从第一个创世块开始，不断的收到交易，由此能进入一连串新的状态。 It is described as a transaction-driven state machine, and when it accepts some input in a state, it moves to a new state. Specifically, in a situation in which each account has a defined balance and stored information, when a group of transactions is received, the balance and stored information on the affected account changes. 按照这个思路，以太坊每隔一段时间把交易数据和验证信息打包在一个块里，依次串接起来，就成为一个链。块越新，块号(BlockNumber，或叫块高度)便越大。 Along these lines, the talisman wraps the transaction data and the authentication information in a block at a time and then links it up into a chain. The newer the block, the bigger the block number (BlockNumber, or height). 每个块的块头里，保存了前一个块的块头哈希值。这样区块链里的块就彼此联系了起来。假如我们更改了前间某个块的内容，后面块的父块哈希就和它对应不上，这种块就不被大家认可。这就保证了区块链数据的不可篡改性。 Each block saves the previous section's Hashi's value. So the blocks in the block chain are connected to each other. If we change the content of the previous block, the back block Hashi doesn't match it, it's unacceptable. This ensures that the data in the block chain are not tampered with. ?块头的结构图 在知乎上逛了一圈，发现对于这个问题可谓是众说纷纭。 There was a circle of knowledge, and it was discovered that there was a great deal of talk about the issue. 比特币的设计只适合加密数字货币场景，不具备图灵完备性，也缺乏保存实时状态的账户概念，而且存在 PoW
机制带来的效率和资源浪费的问题。最关键的问题是，在商业环境下，需要有高效的共识机制、具有图灵完备性、支持智能合约等多应用场景，以太坊在这种情况下应运而生。 Bitcoin’s design is suitable only for encrypted digital money scenes, does not have Turing integrity, and lacks a concept of accounts that preserves real-time status, and there are problems of efficiency and waste of resources associated with the PoW mechanism. The most critical issue is that, in a business environment, there is a need for efficient consensus-building mechanisms, multi-application scenarios of integrity, support for smart contracts, and so on. 在这里相信每一个技术的存在都是有一定道理的，“比特币和以太坊未来谁拥有更大的发展潜力”这个问题相信不久的将来随着市场的发展自己给出答案。 There is some reason to believe in the existence of every technology here, and the question of “Who has greater potential for development in the future of Bitcoin and Etheria” is believed to answer for itself in the near future as markets develop.
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